Makala a liphoofolo, tsamaiso ea lekala: tlhaloso, mehlala

A phelang phelang, - ke tsamaiso ea makala kokangana le lisele. Ka mosebetsi oa bona o hokahangoa a phoofolo a le khona ho sebetsa ka tsela e tloaelehileng. Le ha ho tsotellehe seo ba sethaleng sa ntshetsopeleng e mele. Phapang feela ke hore baemeli ba liphoofolo e ka 'na ea e-ba mekhahlelo e fapaneng ya ho iphetola ha lintho' me, ka lebaka leo, litho tsa liphoofolo, tsamaiso ea lekala hape fapana ho latela sebopeho le tshebetso. Ena e thehiloe molao-motheo oa phylogeny.

Sebōpeho sa 'mele phoofolo

litho tsa ka hare tse ngata li na le ntho e tloaelehileng oa potoloho sebopeho: dinama tse nyenyane tse connective selateng, lera mesifa le lera ka hare. Ho itšetlehile ka ho sebetsa le mesebetsi ya le dikarolo tsena ka hantle ntshetswa pele, le sieo kapa eketswa ke libaka tse ling.

Ha lisele tsohle phoofolo theha makala. Mohlala, coelenterates le seponche, flatworms ne ba ntse ba ka boemo dinama tse nyenyane tse ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng.

Baeloji. tsamaiso e khopo tsa likokoana-hloko

Qalong, sehlopha sa tse phelang e ne e ea lisele farologantswng. Ka ho iphetola ha lintho ba 'mele phoofolo ho ile ha thehoa, tsamaiso ea lekala. Ba fapana ka tshebetso e, empa mosebetsi oa bona o ikemiseditse feela ka ntho e 'ngoe - ho boloka tiisetso ea tikoloho ka hare tsa' mele le bophelo bo tloaelehileng.

Abelwang karolo ya tse latelang tsamaiso ea lekala:

1. ho potoloha ha mali.

2. tshilong ya dijo.

3. Musculoskeletal.

4. Excretion.

5. matšoafo.

6. Endocrine.

7. tšohile.

8. Activities.

9. oona tsamaisong Mecha ea kutlo.

Tsamaiso ea ho potoloha ha mali a liphoofolo

tsamaiso e khopo ho potoloha ha mali pele hlaha ka annelids, 'me ba na le ho koaloa mofuta. Tse peli tse ka sehloohong sejana - dorsal le ventral. Di ile ka pel'a metjha e sebōkō 'mele o matla eo trivially bitsoa "lipelo", empa ha mekhatlo e' ngoe, empa lijana tloaelehileng, marako a eo na le e tenya dinama tse nyenyane tse mesifa.

Ho ekelletsa moo ho iphetola ha lintho ba makala e ne e le ka tsela e latelang:

- tsohle mefuta ea liphoofolo ho fihlela ho le ho akarelletsa le la morue ho potoloha ha mali tsamaiso ea mofuta bulehileng;

- tsamaiso golovohordovyh ea koetsoeng mofuta, empa ha e na pelo;

- ho tloha cyclostomes (hagfish, lampreys) le hlaha dvukamernoe pelo;

- sehahabi le lihahabi tharo-chambered pelo, mali ke e tsoakiloeng;

- linonyana le liphoofolo tse anyesang, pelo ea 4-kamoreng, e le hore ba ka lula e le kamehla mogote wa mmele (homeothermic).

tsamaiso e khopo alimentary

tsamaiso e khopo tshilong ya dijo pele o ile a hlalosa flatworms (ka mokgwa wa metjha e koetsoeng). Haha teng. Ka mor'a moo, ba litho tse ka hare tsa liphoofolo li bile teng ka tsela ena:

- the roundworms bonahala phunyeletsang tube mala: hindgut le haha (ka sefofane ho ne ho ena e 'meli ea intestine feela);

- the annelids thehoa k'halsiamo mathe litsoelesa, eo ka sehloohong mosebetsi - li bole kapele 'ea detritus;

- arthropods pele le ka intestine bohareng ba lined le likhetla chitin;

- the Amphioxus bonahala e amanang le sebete lehlomela;

- ka litlhapi cartilaginous - helical belofo ka intestine nyenyane, mosebetsi lona - e ntseng e eketseha ea fire holim;

- ho iphetola ha lintho ka ho eketsehileng e ne e le ka katoloso ya intestine, 'me ka lebaka leo, e leng keketseho ea sebakeng fire.

sethusathuto Locomotor

tsamaiso e khopo Musculoskeletal na le litsamaiso tse peli: masapo le mesifa. Masapo sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le tšehetso, 'me mesifa ea nang le boikarabelo bakeng sa mokhatlo oa ka sebaka sa. ho iphetola ha lintho tsa morao tjena e ne e le khethollo ea kholo le phokotso metameric tlhophiso.

1. Masapo hlaha cyclostomes.
2. Ka cartilaginous tlhapi cartilaginous ho, boholo ba tlhapi le masatsoana - masapo.
3. Ka landfall ka sehahabi hlaha hlano fingered maoto le matsoho, masapo hlahisa maoto le matsoho ka bolokolohi 'me mokokotlo e ncha.
4. Lihahabi thehoa sefubeng.
5. Ka linonyana, ho na le liphetoho tse ngata ka sebopeho ya marapo mabapi le sesebelisoa sa ho fofa.
6. Ka liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho na le ke khethollo ea ho qetela ea masapo.

tsamaiso e khopo excretory

Eo slit ho na le makala a phoofolo? tsamaiso ea lekala hape e kenyeletsa tsamaiso secretion, eo ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa ho tlosa le 'mele tshilong ya dijo ka lihlahisoa, chefo le chefo.

- flatworms excretory tsamaiso e khopo bo emela protonephridia.

- In annelids se metanephridia.

- In arthropods hlaha litsoelesa tala, Malpighian methapo.

- Re shellfish - liphio.

- All tsa mefuta e latelang (ho tlhapi) hlooho liphio.

- In litlhapi le sehahabi mesonephros.

Ka kakaretso, kaha lihahabi le ho ipolaea le liphoofolo tse anyesang, mesebetsi tsena li phethile pelvic liphio.

tsamaiso e khopo matšoafo

Ho etsa mosebetsi ea tikoloho tshilo ya dijo ea oksijene. Pele le hlaha arthropods.

- In crustaceans oona tsamaisong matšoafo emeloang ke gills le.

- Likokoanyana - the trachea.

- ka mefuta itseng ea likhofu - leseli thehoa ke seaparo sa ka holimo cavity.

- liphoofolo tsohle kenyeletsang ea litlhapi tsamaiso ea matšoafo - ho gills.

- lihoho ntshetswa pele matšoafong saccular.

- lihahabi - lisele.

- Linonyana - spongy.

- liphoofolo tse anyesang - alveolar matšoafo.

tsamaiso ea methapo

tsamaiso ea methapo e amahanya tsamaiso ea tse ling setho ka phelang ba se nang balekane, ho fana ka matshwao a medumo le ho laola ho sebetsa ha e mong le e le kabelo.

The tsamaiso ea methapo ea mofuta o le diffuse hlaha coelenterates.

- flatworms ortogon kapa tsamaiso ea methapo lere.

- Na roundworms peripharyngeal methapo ea kutlo lesale le methapo ea kutlo likutu.

- In annelids peripharyngeal lesale methapo ea kutlo le ventral methapo ea kutlo khoele.

- In arthropods ho na le hlooho ganglion le o hlola ka ho sa ventral methapo ea kutlo khoele.

- Ha mateano clams tsamaiso ea methapo.

- Ho na le bonahala golovohordovyh katoloso ea tube neural qetellong ka pele ea 'mele.

- Litlhapi secrete likarolong tsohle tsa boko.

lihahabi Ho ekelletsa moo ho na le qaleho ea cortex bokong.

Ka liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho na le boko convolutions.

tsamaiso e khopo ho ikatisa

ikatisa oona tsamaisong mosebetsi - ho bapala mofuta ba bona. tsamaiso ea ho hlahisa bana e ka ba motona kapa e motšehali, ho na le hermaphrodites (annelids, mefuta itseng ea likhofu). tsamaiso e khopo basali e bile teng butle-butle. Makala ka sehloohong ke popelo, fallopian methapo, mae a bomme. Tse ngata liboko parasitic hlaha esita ootype le tlatsetso bakeng sa kankere: protheine, ba yolk.

tsamaiso e khopo e motona ho ikatisa le bopilwe ka testes le vas deferens. Ka mor'a moo, peō ea botona ba lokolloa ka copulatory lekala ka ntle kapa ka makala motšehali genital.

bofello

Re sheba seo ke makala a liphoofolo. tsamaiso ea lekala phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlokomela ho bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba ka ho feletseng motho ka mong efe kapa efe, ebang ke monna kapa liboko. Haeba e mong le e tsamaiso e khopo e sebetsa hantle, ho boloka homeostasis ea phelang.

Bana ba ka tlelaseng ea baeloji ho ithuta sebōpeho sa lintho tse phelang. lintho tse bonahalang tse bonwang nolofalletsa ho hopola shebahala litho liphoofolo. Litafole ba litsamaiso fapaneng ka fumanoa hoo e batlang e baeloji efe kapa efe ea ho ithuta.