Majeremane lipuo. Classification lipuong ea Majeremane le maleme

English e kenyelelitsoe a jele setsi ebile le sehlopha se seholo se bitsoang lipuo ea Majeremane. A sehloohong sena a, re tla ho nka e ka ho qaqileng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ea lekala ena ke karolo ea le ho feta e - lipuo Indo-European. Tsena li akarelletsa, ho phaella ho Sejeremane, 'me batho ba bang - oa Mohethe, Maindia MoIran, Searmenia, Segerike, Macelt, Roma, Maslav,' me joalo-joalo. lipuo Indo-European, ka tsela e joalo - e entseng selekane sephara.

Leha ho le joalo, re na le thahasello ka lelapa na tlhophiso ea habo eona. lipuo Majeremane ba arotsoe ka tse latelang lihlopha 2: North (ho seng joalo e bitswang Scandinavian) le ka bophirimela. Kaofela ba na le litšobotsi tse ba bona.

Ka linako tse ling emit lipuo Romano-ea Majeremane. Tsena li akarelletsa ho Sejeremane le Krrish (ratana khutlela ho Latin).

Yayki West subgroups

The West Jeremane kenyeletsa Madache, Sena, High Sejeremane, Senyesemane, Flemish, Boer, SeYiddish.

Bakeng sa boholo ba baahi ba Great Britain - Northern Ireland, Scotland le Engelane - hammoho le United States, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, ke Senyesemane matsoalloa a teng. Ho phaella moo, ho tloaelehile ho Pakistan, India, South Africa e le mokhoa oa molao ea puisano.

Frisia ratoang Leoatleng North - e buuoang ke batho ba phelang ka Frislandskie sehlekehleke sena. Dingolwa ho ea mofuta ofe e na le motheo oa zapadnofrizskie lona maleme.

puo Native ho baahi ba Austria, Jeremane le Switzerland e Phahameng Sejeremane. E boetse e sebelisoa likarolong tse e ka leboea ea Jeremane, ba naha eo baahi ba metseng ea litoropo ka dingolwa. Batho ba motse ba libakeng tsena ntse bua "platdoyche", kapa Low Jeremane puo - puo e khethehileng, e leng se ka Mehla e Bohareng e ne e le puo eo. Ho bōptjoa setso lingoliloeng.

Madache - letsoalloa Madache batho.

Morao-rao ea Majeremane lipuo kenyeletsa Boer, hape e tsejoang e le "Seafrikanse", eo e atile Afrika Boroa, tšimo e khōlō. Ena haufi le puo ea Dutch buile Afrikaners, kapa Boers - litloholo tsa-ralikolone ba Holland ba ile ba balehela naheng ea habo bona a lekholo la bo17 la lilemo.

Flemish e haufi haholo ho eona. O re batho ba Belgium, karolong e ka leboea, 'me Netherlands (libakeng tse ling). Flemish, hammoho le French ka Belgium ke ho bolela molao ea puisano.

SeYiddish - thehoa ka makholo a lilemo 10-12, puo eo e buuoa ke Bajuda ba Europe Bochabela. Motheong oa hae - Middle High maleme Sejeremane.

North Jeremane lipuo lesikeng

Bua ka tse latelang North Jeremane lipuo Majeremane: foroese, Icelandic, Norway, Sedanishe, Seswedishe.

Ho qetela - letsoalloa baahi ba lebōpong la Finland (e leng ba ile ba fallela e fetileng e hōle, le baemeli ba meloko e drevneshvedskih) le batho ba Seswedishe. Fumaneha kajeno maleme litšobotsi tse ipatlele ikhethang gutnichesky, e buuoang ke baahi ba sehlekehleke sa Gotland. Seswedishe kajeno e na le e ngotsweng 'me a lokisetsa ho latela mantsoe a Jeremane ka Senyesemane. le tlotlontswe Active e ne e se khōlō haholo.

Sedanishe - letsoalloa ho batho Sedanishe, ea neng a le teng le ho lingoliloeng ka lilemo tse makholo a 'maloa le puo ea molao ea Norway eo, e le o tsejoa, e ne e le karolo ea lekholo la lilemo la bo14 la lilemo morao ho fihlela 1814, e le karolo ea puso Sedanishe.

Sedanishe le Sweden, haufi nakong e fetileng, hona joale haholo diverged, ka linako tse ling ba ile ba ba ho kopantswe ka lesikeng khethehileng tsa seo ho thoeng ke vostochnoskandinavskih mahlalosi.

puo Norway, e leng letsoalloa la batho ba Norway, aba naheng ena. ntshetsopeleng lona ile lieha susumetsoa haholo ke maemo a tsa histori e le baahi ba naha ba 'nile ba tlameha ho lula tlas'a puso ea Danes bakeng sa hoo e ka bang 400 lilemo tse. Kajeno, naheng ena ho na le sebopeho sa puo eo Norway, ho tloaelehile hore ho sechaba sohle, ho ea ka litšobotsi tse lona ae phethang boemong bo lipakeng pakeng tsa Sedanishe 'me Seswedishe.

baahi Iceland e buang Icelandic. Baholo-holo ba baahi ba ona naheng sehlekehleke sohle e ne e le Norwegians ba ile ba lula sebakeng seo ka bo-lekholong la bo10. puo Icelandic, evolving nosi tse ka bang likete tse tharo le, e fumanweng maloa a makgetha a ho le lecha, 'me e bolokoa ngata thepa eo ke e tloaelehileng ea Khale Norse. Ka nako e tšoanang, mokhoa oa sejoale-joale oa ho buisana tsa baahi pega pega Naha e lahlehileng e ngata ea litšobotsi tsena. dithulaganyo tsena tsohle li etsa hore 'nete ea hore phapang pakeng tsa Icelandic (novoislandskimi) le lipuo Norway ke haholo ka nako eo.

Foroese teng kajeno ka Faroe Islands, e leng leshano le ka leboea ho ea Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Shetland. O bolokoa, hammoho le Iceland le lipuo tse ling, libōpeho tse ngata tsa puo ea ea baholo-holo ba bona - Old Norse, eo hamorao a roba.

Foroese, Icelandic le Norway ka linako tse ling kopanngoa ka lelapa le le leng ka lebaka la hlahang ho yona bona. Ho bitsoa lipuo zapadnoskandinavskie. Empa linnete hona joale li bontša hore, ka boemo jwale ya Norway e haufi-ufi haholo le Sedanishe le Sweden ho feta ho foroese le Icelandic.

lesedi Early ka meloko ea Majeremane

History of puo eo Jeremane e ithuta ka ba bang ba dintlha tse kajeno. Ha ho buuoa ka lekhetlo la pele ba Majeremane e matleng a hae ho 4th lekholong la lilemo la BC. Ho fana ka tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le motsamai bona ke setsebi sa linaleli le jeokrafi Pytheas (Pytheas kapa), Segerike, moahi oa motse oa Massilia (eo kajeno e bitsoang Marcel). O ile a etsa ka 325 BC. e. leeto moholo ho Amber Coast, teng, kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, ka Elbe estuary, hammoho le mabōpong ka boroa ea North le Baltic Maoatle. Puisano lona Pytheas o bua ka meloko e guttonov le Teutons. mabitso a bona ho bua ka ho hlaka ka seo ya data lichaba - khale ea Majeremane.

Posts Plutarch le Yuliya Tsezarya

Ha ho buuoa ka e latelang ea Majeremane nkoa e le molaetsa oa Plutarch, rahistori oa Segerike ea neng a lula 1-2 lekholong la lilemo la AD. O ile a ngola mabapi le Bastarnae hlaha ka Danube tlaase, ka lilemo tse 180 BC. e. Empa ya data tsena ke sketchy haholo, kahoo u se ke ua re fa e le maikutlo a ea puo 'me tsela eo ba phelang tsa meloko ea Majeremane. Ba, ho ea ka Plutarch, tsebe ea husbandry efe kapa efe a liphoofolo kapa a temo. Ntoa bakeng sa meloko tsena - feela khoebo.

Yuliy Tsezar e ne e le mongoli ea pele ea Roma, o ile a hlalosa Majeremane nakong ea pele lilemo BC. e. O re bophelo ba bona kaofela ka Mosebetsi oa sesole le ho tsoma. Ba ele hloko ho fokolang hore ba temo.

Lintlha tsa Pliny e Moholo

Empa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke lintlha tse qaqileng tsa Pliny e Moholo, tlhaho (lilemo tsa bophelo - 23-79 BC ..), And Tacitus, rahistori (lilemo tsa bophelo - 58-117 AD ..). Ka mesebetsi ea hae, "litlalehong tsa histori" le "Jeremane" litlaleho qetela bohlokoa lesedi ha feela ka tlhophiso jwale tsa meloko, empa hape le ka tsela eo ba phelang, setso, tsamaiso ea sechaba. Tacitus khethollang lihlopha 3: istvaeones, Hermione le ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy boela a bua ka sehlopha se tšoanang, empa e bua ka ingaevones Teutons le Cimbri. tlhophiso Sena ke, kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, ka tsela e nepahetseng haholo bontša karohano ka 1st lekholong la lilemo la BC. e. Majeremane meloko.

Khale lipuo Majeremane: tlhophiso

Thuto ea litlaleho tse ngotsoeng lumella u ho kopana subgroups tse tharo tsa lipuo Majeremane mathoasong a Mehla e Bohareng: gotika (East Jeremane), Scandinavian (North Jeremane) le Bophirimela European.

Ho kenyeletsa East Jeremane Gothic, Vandal le Burgundy.

puo Burgundy

bajaki ba puo ho tloha Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - - Burgundy Islands ka Sea Baltic. Burgundians lula ka boroa-ka bochabela France lekholong la 5th, sebakeng sa tsona e ile ea lebitso tšoanang. Ena ea boholo-holo ka puo ea Majeremane kajeno e re siea le palo e fokolang ea mantsoe a, haholo-holo mabitso a loketseng.

puo Vandalic

Vandal - avverbio Vandals ba lula hamorao ka Spain ho Afrika Leboea, moo ba ileng ba ile a siea lebitso Andalusia (kajeno Province). puo ena, hammoho le Burgundy, e emeloang haholo-holo ke mabitso a loketseng. Ka mor'a moo, lentsoe "vandal" fetohileng motimetsi oa boleng ba liemahale setso, le Barbare, joalokaha e etsahala 455 melokong ena e tlatlapa 'me a hapa Roma.

Gothic

puo Gothic hlahisa liemahale tsa lona tse ngata. The extant kholo ka ho fetisisa - "Silver Moqolo" - phetolelo ea Likosepele ho Gothic. Bolokoa 187 ba 330 maqephe ea e ngotsoeng ka letsoho e.

Ea boholo-holo West Jeremane lipuo

West Jeremane sehlopha sa lipuo tse emeloang ke Anglo-Saxon, drevnefrizskim, Old Saxon, Frankish, Old High Sejeremane. E mong le e ba bona ba na le litšobotsi tse ba lona.

A ho qetela a lelapa sena se akarelletsa a 'maloa a maleme. liemahale lona bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa li akarelletsa litemana tse ea lekholo la bo8:

1. sephatsimisi - lidikishinaring tse nyenyane ho ea mongolo tse ngotsoeng Latin, kapa liphetolelong tsa mantsoe motho ka Sejeremane, e ngotsoeng ka margins ena.

2. liphetolelong tsa lingoliloeng tsa bolumeli ebile ba khale ke Notker, ka la bo10 morao - mathoasong a lekholo la bo11 la lilemo o ile a laela le baitlami sekolong.

3. thothokiso "muspilli" (2 halofo ea lekholong la lilemo 9).

4. "The Sefela sa Ludwig '.

5. "Merseburg bolela."

6. "Sefela sa Hildebrand."

puo Frankish boetse e na le maleme a mangata. Ho theosa le histori, ba ile ba fetoha karolo ea Jeremane empa nizhnefrankskogo, ke moholo-holo oa Sedache ea kajeno, Flemish le Boer.

North Jeremane sehlopha sa lipuo ho akarelletsa Khale Norse, Old Norse, Old Norse drevnedatsky le mahlalosi. Kaofela ba na le litšobotsi tse ba bona ka ho khetheha.

A ho qetela tsa sehlopha sena sa lipuo tse linako tse ling e bitsoang puo ea runiform oa khatiso hobane e na le ho plurality ya (ka bang 150) tse amanang le nako ea lilemo tse makholo-n 2-9. e.

Drevnedatsky boetse o sirelelitse ka amanang le la bo9 la lilemo liemahale runic tsa epigraphy. Ka palo yohle ho na le ka bang 400.

The liemahale pele ea Khale Sweden le tsona o sebetsang ho bo9 la lilemo AD. Ba profinseng Vesteretland le ke mengolo ka majoe. The palo ea mengolo runic bōpiloe ka puo ena fihla 2500.