Mabitso a lifofane. Classification sefofaneng, mefuta bona le mefuta e

histori lifofane tsebang palo e kholo haholo ea thepa tse fofang tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng le mefuta e. mabitso a bohle lifofane ho bonolo hore esita le lethathamo. Leha ho le joalo, ka dikai mantlha akarelletsa haholo sebele. A re ke re ithute ho etsa sefofane se tlhophiso, mefuta ea bona, le mefuta e, mabitso a ke boetse ke nka.

lebitso la

A re ke re hlahlobeng ka mabitso a lifofane baditjhaba bahlahisi ka sehloohong e le hore nteterwana. Lethathamong le ka bontša hore na khamphani e teng hona joale le felisa ka ho feletseng:

• Aérospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (US).
• British Aerospace (UK).
• British lifofane (United Kingdom).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

Mabitso a lifofane nteterwana hlahiswa ka USSR le poso-Union dinaheng, thathamisitsoe ka tlaase mona:

• E (Antonov).
• Le (Polikarpov).
• Yl (Iliushin).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MIG (Mikoyan le Gurevich).
• By (Polikarpov).
• Bjo bo (omileng).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

Mokhoa oa ho go arologana lifofane joang?

Pele ho tsohle, fumana hore na ke lifofane le. Mabitso ea mekhoa e fofang ka bua ka lintho tse ngata, empa tlhophiso li tla re bolella ho eketsehileng. Ka sefofane e classified? E etsa ka entsprechen latelang:

• ho eang teng;
• lebelo;
• Har'a dienjini;
• thaepa dienjini;
• thaepa cheisi;
• boima ba 'mele;
• nomoro ea mapheo;
• fuselage boholo;
• mofuta oa taolo ya;
• foromo sefofane se tloha.

Joale re tla tšohla tse ling tsa lintlha tsena ka hloko.

Classification ke morero oa

Ho nkoa e atileng ka ho fetisisa. Bakeng sa pontshi ena, lifofane tsohle deyalsya ka mefuta e 'meli e meholo: sesole le sechaba. Ho phaella moo, e mong le e ba lihlopha tsena ho na le nang le tsona karohano ka lihlopha tse nyenyane.

Ho latela mosebetsi itseng tsa warplanes classified ka dihlopha tse latelang mantlha: bomber interceptor lifofane, litima moea, lifofane tlhaselo, likepe sesole lipalangoang, moloaneli-bombers le boy scouts.

The tsamaiso ea lifofane Civil bakeng disebediswsa sefofane ba arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e latelang: mopalami, naha ea temo, lipalangoang, poso, liteko, joalo-joalo ...

Bombers

The bomber mata mosebetsi ke ho hlōla ka lebaka la tseo a fatše. Ba etsa sena ka ho sebelisa libomo le metsu.

Joale a re fumana mabitso a lifofane sesole. Har'a bomber mata ka khetholla dikai joalo difeme malapeng: Su-24, TU-160, Su-34. Nakong ea Second World Ntoa ba ne ba thabela khethehileng botumo ba malapeng bomber mata Pe-2. Empa pele ho bitsoa tummeng "Ilya Muromets" - ho bōptjoa ha moqapi e moholo Igorya Sikorskogo. unit trust ena hlobola ka lekhetlo la pele moeeng ka bo-1913. Ka pele World Ntoa mehla e ne e fetoloa bomber mata ka. Lifofane "Ilya Muromets" ba ile ba a boela a sebelisa nakong ea Ntoa ea Lehae ea.

Har'a likoloi tsoang linaheng tse ling ka khetholloa ea kajeno bombers American Northrop B-2 Moea, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US e entsoeng ke lifofane 30s Boeing B-17 le Martin B- 10 Jeremane bombers nakong ea bobeli ea lefatše ntoa, Junkers Ju 86 le Heinkel O 111.

ralitima

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa disebediswsa tsena ke ho timetsa lifofane le lintho tse ling tse ka moeeng.

Mabitso a bo-ralitima-setsebi litabeng tsa sesole, le eena o, e tla re e ngata. Ho fetisisa tsejoa Union ea mohlala ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše - lagg-3, 'Na-15 bis, Mig-3,' Na-16, ke-153, Yak-1. Le nakong ea tšoanang na hlōla lefatše renown Jeremane Bf.109 lifofane, Bf.110 le FW 190, hammoho le arabelang Me.262, Me.163 Komet le O 162 Volksjager.

Har'a ralitima Union hamorao nako lokela ho etsoa MiG-31, Su-27 'me MiG-29. Jwale, sepakapakeng ho tletse lifofane morao-rao Serussia. mabitso a bona a tsebahala ka lifofane bonono. Sena moloko oa bo-ralitima-4 ++ Su-35 'me MiG-35.

Contemporary dikai American ba abelwa pele-molokong o mong ka baahisane ka palo lefatšeng tse hlano le Boeing F-22, hammoho le ea mohlala ka eena pejana F-4 le F-15 Eagle.

Baahisane-bomber mata

Ba kopanya mesebetsi ya dihlopha pele tse peli tsa lifofane re o ile a hlalosa. Ke hore, ho timetsa e le liphofu moea le fatše.

Pele baahisane-bombers li nkoa Jeremane Me.262, e fetotsoeng ea mohlala ea baahisane British Supermarine koko thole, De Havilland Mosquito, le Union Yak-9.

Har'a ea kajeno sefofane sefofane sa jete lokela ho abelwang karolo ya malapeng MiG-23B le Su-17M le MiG-27 'me ea mohlala American F-105.

interceptors

Ba ba e subspecies arohaneng tsa litima, tse reretsoeng ho timetsa bombers lireng. Ho fapana le moloaneli lifofane tloaelehileng, ho nkile le thepa e matla radar.

Har'a Union interceptor tsebahalang lifofane mabitso latelang: Su-15, Su-9, Tu-128, Yak-28, Mig-25. dikai American ka ya thontsweng F-16 'me a F-14 Grumman. Hape le lefatšeng tummeng Japanese lifofane Mitsubishi F-2 le interceptor British Panavia sefefo se matla ADV.

stormtroopers

mosebetsi oa bona e le ho tšehetsa mabotho fatše le moea.

Ka ho fetisisa tummeng World Ntoa ea II ea-mehla tlhaselo lifofane li nkoa lifofane IL-2 le IL-10. Ka nako e tšoanang, ka tsela e tšoanang ho lireng sethusathuto sebelisoa HS 129 le Ju 87. Har'a tlhaselo sefofane ea kajeno ba lokela ho ho abelwa lebitso Su-25 lifofane, F / A-18, A-10.

likoloi sesole lipalangoang

The mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea sesole ho tsamaisa lifofane ke pelehi ba thepa ea sesole le basebetsi.

Lifofane tsa sehlopha sena, eo e leng hona joale ka tshebetso ya Russia Federation hlometseng Makhotla ke IL-76, AN-26, AN-124 le AN-12. Har'a analogues American lokela abelwang karolo ya Douglas YC-15, Boeing C-17, Boeing C-97 le Boeing E-8.

lifofane mopalami

Tlhahlobo ea Civil tsamaiso ea lifofane dikai le tla qala ka ho bona. mofuta ona wa likoloi moea, e le lebitso la ka fana ka maikutlo a, tse reretsoeng ho etsa baeti.

Tlhahiso sefofane pele e ile ea tsamaisa baahi, eo ho nkoang ho tsohle lapeng e tšoanang "Ilya Muromets", le ileng la fetoloa nakong e tlang tlas'a bomber mata ena. sefofane la hae la pele ho tloha St. Petersburg ho Kiev le bapalami ba leshome le metso e ts'eletseng o ile a etsa morao ka 1914.

The le sefofane ho fetisisa ratoa tsa bophelo bohle lifofane le e nkoa e le e unit trust American Douglas DC-3 sefofane o ile a etsa sefofane pele khale koana ka 1935. diphetolo tse fapa-fapaneng tse sebelisoang kajeno. Mohlala, Soviet mothofatso ea lifofane e ne e le Li-2.

Holimo lifofane ba pele ba ne ba hlalosoa e. Mabitso a le baphadisani ka sehloohong ka 'maraka oa lifofane mopalami - Boeing le Airbus.

"Boeing"

Khampani American Boeing ile a khutla ka hōle 1916. Ho tloha ka nako eo ho 'nile ha etsa thepa lifofane, haholo-holo bakeng sa lifofane tsa lehae, le hoja ho na le boetse ho na le sesole tsamaisa ea mohlala. Mabitso tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ya dikhampani tse mopalami lifofane - Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 le Boeing 787.

Pele ba dikai tse ka holimo li ile tsa lokolloa ka 1968, 'me ho fihlela joale, ho ke a maholohali ho fetisisa ea lifofane tsohle mopalami. Boeing 747 hlahiswa selemo hamorao, ke pula-maliboho har'a airliners widebody. Boeing 747-8 - mopalami lifofane le bolelele ka ho fetisisa. O ile a lokolloa ka 2010. Kajeno 'marakeng ke kholo ka ho fetisisa lifofane mopalami Boeing 777 fumana boima ya hlahiswa ho tloha ka selemo sa 1994. Ea mohlala Newest tsa mokhatlo o ka nako eo - Boeing 787 2009 selemo ea pōpo.

"Airbus"

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, ho qothisana lehlokoa le eena ka sehloohong Boeing ka 'maraka lefatše ke European moetsi Airbus, ofisi ea bohareng e teng Fora. Ho e thehiloe haholo ho ka morao ho qothisana lehlokoa le eena lona American - ka 1970. Mabitso tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ea lifofane khampani - A300, A320, A380 le A350 XWB.

E lokolotsoeng ka 1972, e A300 ke pele lohle-'mele lifofane ka dienjini tse peli. Ka A320 ka 1988 ho tlhahisong ea pele-terata foromo ya taolo ya e se e sebelisoa lefatšeng. A380, eo thunngoa ho fihlela leholimo le ka lekhetlo la pele ka 2005, ke kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. O khona ho nka ka boto ho fihlela ho bapalami ba bang 480. Ntshetsopeleng Newest ke A350 XWB. mosebetsi hae o ka sehloohong e ne e le hore a qothisane lehlokoa le pele e neng e lokolloa Boeing 787. 'Me mosebetsi ona ka katleho tsoeroe ke lefu la ea sefofane seo, obohodya qothisana lehlokoa le eena hae ho ya ka dipehelo ya bokgoni.

Union lifofane mopalami

Boemong e hlomphehang 'me e ne a emetsoe ke Union indasteri mopalami lifofane. Boholo ba dikai le - ke lifofane "Aeroflot". Mabitso a Brands ka sehloohong: Tu, Il, An le Yak.

Pele malapeng jete sefofane seo e lokolloa ka 1955, e Tu-104. Tu-154, pele u iphe-theoha e ileng ea etsahala ka 1972, o nkoa e le ho fetisisa e khōlō ea Soviet Union unit trust moea mopalami. Tu-144 1968 ea mohlala selemo e fumanoeng boemo tsomo e le sefofane seo ea lefatše ho ea pele, eo e ka khona ho senya molumo mokoallo. O ne a ka finyella lebelo la ho fihlela ho 2,5 sekete. Km / H, 'me tlaleho ena e ho nako ea rōna e sa otloa. Ka nako eo, ho sebetsa ea mohlala ea ho qetela ea e le sefofane seo pele ke Tupolev Design Bureau, ea Tu-204 1990 ea mohlala selemo, hammoho le ho phetolo ya Tu-214.

Ha ho pelaelo hore, ntle ho moo Tu ho na le lifofane tse ling "Aeroflot". Mabitso a ho fetisisa e ratoang: IL-18, IL-114, IL-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 le Yak-42.

Airliners linaheng tse ling

Ntle le tse ka holimo, ho na le dikai hlokomelehang le bahlahisi tse ling tsa lifofane mopalami.

British sefofane seo De Havilland Comet, o ile a lokolloa ka 1949, ke oa pele historing ea lefatše jete le sefofane. Fame fumanweng Franco-British Concorde sefofane seo, tse reretsoeng ka 1969. O ile a theohela ka leboha histori ha e le hantle hore ke ea bobeli le atlehileng. leka (ka mor'a Tu-144) ho bōpa e supersonic lifofane mopalami. 'Me ho ntse tsena lifofane tse peli ntlheng ena ke e ikhethang, nako e telele kamoo ho e mong ea neng a khona ho lokolla a loketse bakeng sa batho ba bangata ba hanyapetsang sefofane seo, ba nang le bokhoni ba ho tsamaea ka potlako ho feta e hlaphohileng.

li tsamaisang

Ka sehloohong morero oa ho tsamaisa lifofane ke lipalangoang tsa thepa tse fetang a malelele.

Har'a mechine ea mofuta ona ke ho hlokahala hore ho kgetha ho dikai Bophirimela ea mopalami lifofane fetotsoeng tlas'a litlhoko lipalangoang: Douglas MD-11F, ho Airbus A330-200F, ho Airbus A300-600ST le Boeing 747-8F.

Empa ba bangata ba bohle ka tlhahiso ea ho tsamaisa lifofane fetohile tummeng Union, 'me hona joale le Seukraine Antonov Design Bureau e mong ea bitsoang. Se hlahisa Jets o lulang o otla rekoto lefatše bakeng sa mosebetsi: AN-22, 1965 (bokgoni - 60 limithara), Ru-124 1984 (bokgoni - boima ba lithane tse 120), AN-1988 225 g, (253 o ka sekepeng, 8 limithara). Morao-rao ea mohlala ke oa e-s'o robehile rekoto payloads. Ho phaella moo, e rerile ho sebelisa ho tsamaisa Union setsoibileloa-sepakapakeng "Buran", empa mosebetsi oo o ne o sa kenngwa tshebetsong, ka ho putlama ha USSR.

Ka Federation ea Russia, 'me kaofela ha e le rosy le ho tsamaisa lifofane. Mabitso a lifofane Russia ke tse latelang: IL-76, IL-112 le IL-214. Empa bothata ke hore IL-76 hlahiswa kajeno ile ntshetswa pele nakong ea puso ea Soviet Union, ka 1971, 'me ba bang kaofela ba rera ho qala feela ka 2017.

lifofane tsa temo

Ho na le lifofane, bao mesebetsi kenyeletsa tšoarang masimo a ka chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, dibolayangwang le lik'hemik'hale tse ling. mofuta ona wa thepa lifofane bitsoa fumanehang moo polasing.

From dikai Union a maqheka ana a tsejoa ho U-2 le AN-2, e na le ka lebaka la ho kopo itseng e ratoang haholo e tsejoa e le "ea poone".

Unit Lebelo

, Ho phaella ho tlhophiso ea sefofane bakeng sa merero e meng, e leng re ne re ithuta ka ho qaqileng ka holimo, ho na le mefuta e meng ea boemong. Hona ho kenyeletsa tlhophiso ea sefofane lebelo. Motheong oa lifofane li arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e latelang: subsonic, lifofane transonic, supersonic le lifofane hypersonic.

Ha ho thata ho utloisisa hore lifofane subsonic fallela butle molumo. Transonic lifofane tse fofang ka lebelo haufi le sonic, supersonic hlōla molumo mokoallo, le hypersonic feta palo ena ka makhetlo a fetang a mahlano.

Ka nako eo, e lebelo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ke liteko hypersonic mochine ho tswa US X-43A ka 2001. O ka ema ho potlakisa 11.200 km SE / H. Ka bobeli ke compatriot hae X-15, o ile a lokolloa ka morao ka hōle 1959. Lebelo la 7273 km SE / H. Ha re bua le ha ka sethusathuto le liteko, empa ba lifofane ba neng etsa mesebetsi e itseng, ka hona ha ho ke 'mampoli ka sr-71 American, ba khona ho ntshetsa pele lebelo ka ho fihlela ho 3530 km SE / H. le supersonic MiG-25 lokela ho abelwa har'a likoloi tse ruuoang. sekhahla lona palo e kahodimodimo ea lebelo ka fihla ho fihlela ho 3000 km SE / H.

The mopalami lifofane le lintho lebelo ke hobe le ho feta ngata. Kajeno ile a ntša ba babeli feela supersonic sefofane seo: tse ruuoang Tu-144 (1968) le Franco-British Concorde (1969). Pele ea bana ke ho ntshetsa pele tshebetso e phahameng-lebelo la ho fihlela ho 2,5 sekete. Km / H, e leng tlaleho ea lifofane tsa lehae, empa sefofaneng ba behelanoeng tsohle ke feela sebaka leshome. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore hona joale ho na le ho na e mong oa sefofane seo supersonic, eo e bile ka tshebetso ho tloha tshebediso ya Tu-144 ba ile ba hana ho esita le ka morao ka 1978, 'me tshebediso ya Concorde ile a khaotsa ho ka 2003.

Hypersonic lifofane mopalami mohla le teng. Leha ho le joalo, hona joale ho na le diporojeke tse di tse 'maloa, tse thapileng le tsoang linaheng tse ling moralo liofisi tsa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lifofane hypersonic. Har'a bona, e tummeng ka ho fetisisa ho ba le ZEHST European. lifofane le khonang ho lebelo ho fihlela ho: 5.0 sekete. Km / H, empa nakong ea pōpo lona se se sa. Russia, ho na le ba babeli ba merero e kang - Tu-244 le Tu-444, empa ka nako eo ba bobeli hoamisoa.

mefuta e meng ea tlhophiso

Ho ea ka palo ea dienjini tloha sefofane ho tloha one- ho dvenadtsatidvigatelnyh.

Ho ea ka mofuta oa lifofane enjene di arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e e latelang: ka dilenaneo motlakase, piston, turboprop, sefofane sa jete, Lata, hammoho le mechine e nang le enjene ho kopantswe.

Ke mofuta cheisi tlhophiso ea lifofane tse latelang: mabili, le ski, hovercraft, crawler, phaphametse, digwagwa. Ha ho pelaelo hore ho atileng ka ho fetisisa ke lifofane le cheisi mabili.

Ke boima ba 'mele oa lifofane li arotsoe ka superlogkie, likoloi leseli, mahareng-boima sefofane, e boima' me bartolomeo boima.

Ho ea ka palo ea mapheo ka nģa ea fokotsa palo ea bona, lifofane li arotsoe ka polyplane, triplane, biplanes, monoplanes le polutoraplany.

Ho na le boetse ho na le tlhophiso ho ea ka boholo ba fuselage e: ea se nang molekane-e behiloe kae? 'Me ka bophara-mmuso.

Management mofuta tlhophiso lifofane arotsoe ka likoloi tsamaea le mothusi le unmanned teleskopbomlift.

Sebopeho sa tsohle lifofane tsa nka-theoha ka aroloa mekhahlelo e latelang: paatsepama ipheng-theoha, tshekaletseng le khutšoanyane.

fapafapana

Rea tseba hore ke tlhophiso ea mefuta e sefofane, mefuta e, mabitso hape hlahloba. Joalokaha u ka bona, ho bontša palo e khōlō haholo ea dikai le mesebetsi e fapaneng, eo na le tobileng fapaneng haholo. Lefatše la lifofane e hlile tenyetseha, 'me tlhahlobo e' ngoe e tla se hlalosa tsohle ka puo ea hae.

Leha ho le joalo, khopolo e akaretsang, re fana ka ka taba ena ka, hlalosa lifofane tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa e ne e akarelletsa ho pale ena. Mefuta le mabitso, le hoja palo ea bona e khōlō, ba sa ntsane ba hlile ho hlophisa ka tsela e itseng, ho hlakisa motheo oa taba eo.