Likarolo tsa sehlooho tsa libōpuoa tse phelang tse

Ke lintho life khetholla liphoofolo ho tloha libōpuoa tse ling? potso e bonahala e bonolo ka ho lekaneng, empa karabo hloka utloisisa tse ling tsa litšobotsi tse ngata tse sa hlakang tsa lintho tse phelang, ho akarelletsa le heterotrophy multicellular, tsamaiso le likhopolo tse ling tse rarahaneng sebelisoa ke litsebi tsa baeloji. Seo ba lipontšo tsa libōpuoa phelang ba momahane, bonyane bakeng sa boholo ba liphoofolo, ho tloha likhofu le qoaha ho mongooses le Anemones leoatle?

multicellular

Haeba u leka ho khetholla ba 'nete ho phoofolo, ho etsa mohlala, paramecium kapa amoeba game, ha ho thata haholo: liphoofolo, ke tlhaloso, ke libōpuoa tsa multicellular, le hoja palo ea lisele tse fapana haholo ke mefuta e. Ka mohlala, ho potoloha sebōkō, e leng e ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka liteko tsa ka baeloji li entsoe ka hantle 1031 lisele tse, ha ho na tse ngata 'me ha ho ka tlaase ho moo, ha motho eo ka ho toba e akarelletsa lisele tse libilione tse. Leha ho le joalo, ke habohlokoa ho ela hloko taba ea hore liphoofolo - ha a le mong feela tse phelang multicellular, ba akarelletsa limela, li-fungus le esita le mefuta e itseng ea dimelametsing.

Eukaryotic sebopeho seleng ea

Lipontšo tsa libōpuoa tse phelang akarelletsa eukaryotic sebopeho seleng. Mohlomong e petsoha bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa historing ea bophelo Lefatšeng ke se etsahalang pakeng tsa tse peli tsa maikutlo a bona a pharaletseng a. phelang Prokaryotic ha ba na lera-potapotoeng khubu le organelles tse ling le tse feela ea se nang molekane-e nang le sele. Tsena li akarelletsa, ka mohlala, libaktheria tsohle.

Liseleng eukaryotic, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le hammoho-hlalosoa khubu le organelles hare (tse kang mitochondria) ba nang le bokhoni hlophisitsoe hammoho ho theha e phelang multicellular. Leha liphoofolo tsohle tse euakariotami se eukaryotes tsohle ke liphoofolo tse: ho lelapa lena ba sa tšoaneng ka ho fetisisa e boetse e akarelletsa limela, li-fungus le tse nyenyane leoatle proto-liphoofolo, e tsejoang e le protists.

lisele tse khethehileng

Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea libōpuoa tse phelang tse e sa tsoaneng e khōlō ea masela. Ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ngata ka tsela e hlollang ea liphoofolo - sena ke kamoo ba lisele tse khethehileng. E le lintho tse tsena bonahale lisele tse bakoang ba tloaelehileng ha e le hantle ha se bonolo. Ho na le mekhahlelo e 'mane sephara ea likokoana-hloko: methapo ea kutlo, connective, mesifa le lisele epithelial (ba haha makala le methapo ea mali).

More tse phelang e tsoetseng pele bontša maemo itseng ho feta dipharologano fa. Ka mohlala, makala a fapa-fapaneng tsa 'mele oa motho akarelletsa lisele tse sebete, manyeme,' me tse ngata tsa mefuta e meng e. Ntle le mabaka a ba liponche tse ka botsebi lumelloa, empa ba le ho honyenyane kapa ho hang ha lisele tse le farologantswng la.

syngenesis

Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea libōpuoa tse phelang tse e hore liphoofolo tse ngata kopanela ho ikatisa ho kopanela liphate, kopantseng boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho hlahisa malinyane jereng DNA ea batsoali ka bobeli. Empa mona e na le ntle le mabaka a. Ba bang ba liphoofolo, ho akarelletsa le mefuta e meng ea lishaka li khona ho ikatisa ho bona ka bobona asexually.

Melemo ea ho ikatisa thobalano e le leholo ho tloha ntlha ho iphetola ha lintho ka eona. le bokhoni ba ho leka ho e kopanya e fapaneng ya genomes dumella liphoofolo tse ho ikamahanya ka potlako ho lintho tse phelang tikolohong e ncha. Hape, ho ikatisa thobalano ha e felle feela liphoofolong: tsamaiso ena le boetse le sebelisoa ke mefuta e fapaneng ya dimela, li-fungus le esita le libaktheria tse ling li tsepisa haholo.

blastula

Sena ke e mong oa e thata ka ho fetisisa ho lemoha lipontšo tsa libōpuoa sentient. Ha peō ea botona e motona kopana le lehe la mosali, seo se ka seleng le 'ngoe e bitsoang zygote. Ka mor'a hore zygote undergoes garela e 'maloa ea karohano, eo fumana lebitso la - morula. Feela liphoofolo tse sebele' finyella sethaleng latelang - sebopeho sa blastula, e leng sekoti lekala la ka lisele tse 'maloa. Feela tabeng ena, ba ka phapang ka mefuta e fapaneng ya dinama tse nyenyane tse.

Movement (Liphoofolo)

Pele litšobotsi tse hlano tsa libōpuoa tse phelang ka thuso ea litšoantšo qabolang bontša thata haholo. Ba hlile ba e rarahane haholo, haeba re hlalose, ka mohlala, ngoana. A ke ke a ile a re ka likarolo tse latelang. Fish sesa, linonyana fofa, liphiri matha, likhofu le linoha khasa - liphoofolo tsohle ba khona ho fallela ka sethaleng ea itseng oa potoloho ea bophelo. E 'ngoe ea litšobotsi ithutile ho phela lintho tsa lefatše ho sehlopheng 3 ke sisinyehang ka eona. Haeba ho na le mokhatlo oa, kahoo 'mele oa phela.

Ena le popontshwa ho iphetola ha lintho o lumella libopuoa ke ho le bonolo ho fumana niches ntjha tlholeho, ho lelekisa phofu le ho qoba libatana. Ba bang ba liphoofolo, tse kang seponche le likorale, hoo e ka bang li eme ka ho ba sethaleng batho ba baholo, empa larvae bona ba khona ho fallela pele ba mela ka leoatle le. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tse ka sehloohong eo khethollang liphoofolo tse ho tloha dimela le li-fungus. E sala e tsosang khang maikutlo a ba bang ntle le mabaka a ka molao, ho akarelletsa le carnivorous Venus Flytrap le potlako le ntseng le hōla lifate tsa bamboo.

metabolism

Har'a bana ba ithuta mekhoa ea libopuoa tsa lefatšeng phelang (tla bitsoa "lijo" ka tlelaseng 3, tšobotsi ena) ho ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela ho metabolism le matla. phelang All hloka k'habone manyolo bakeng sa tshehetso le thulaganyo tsa motheo tsa bophelo, ho akarelletsa kgolo ya ntshetsopele, le ho ikatisa. bokhoni ba ho latsoa lijo, ho bua puo ea saense, e bitsoang heterotrophy. Ho na le litsela tse peli hore a fumane k'habone: ho tswa tikoloho (ka sebōpeho sa carbon dioxide e khase bolokolohi fumaneha sepakapakeng ho), kapa ka ho ba bang ja phelang morui, k'habone.

Phelang tse phelang hore fumana carbon tloha tikoloho joaloka limela tse ba bitsoa autotrophs, le phelang tse phelang tse leng carbon ke noa lintho tse ling tse kang liphoofolo, ba bitsoa heterotrophs. Leha ho le joalo, liphoofolo tse ha heterotrophs feela lefatšeng. li-fungus tsohle, libaktheria tse ngata 'me esita le ba bang ba limela bonyane mokhoa o sa fellang heterotrophic. Ho sebelisoa ha mehloli Link matla ka sebōpeho sa lijo, khanya le tse ling tse joalo, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lintho tse phelang.

Tsoetse pele tsamaiso ea methapo

Ena ke e 'ngoe ea lipontšo tsa libōpuoa tse phelang. Tse phelang, ka ho khetheha, liphoofolo ba tsoetse pele ho tsamaiso ea methapo. Ka boemong ba kelello, dimela le li-fungus hore e be eena moahloli ke ho le thata. Tsa lintho tse phelang tsohle Lefatšeng feela liphoofolo tse anyesang tse joalo pele hore na ho feta kapa ka tlaase ho a hlobaetsang le hlaphohetsoe likelellong tsa bona, ho utloa, le tatso le ho thetsana (a se ke a letho ka echolocation tsa bo-'mankhane le li-dolphin kapa bokhoni ba bang ba litlhapi le lishaka ho lemoha loebehlana a khoheli a ka metsing).

Ya e le hantle, maikutlo ana a akarelletsa ho ba teng ha tsamaiso ea methapo bonyane rudimentary, tse kang likokoanyana le linaleli leoatle, le har'a liphoofolo tse ngata e tsoetseng pele. Botlalo pele boko - sena ke ka etsahala hore ebe e mong oa lintho tse ka sehloohong eo hlile distinguishes liphoofolo tse ho tswa ho ba bang kaofela ba tlhaho.

Kgolo le ntshetsopele ya bokgoni

Har'a ithutile ka sehlopheng 3 lipontšo tsa libōpuoa sentient tsa lefatše ho na le ntho tse kang ho hōla. thepa ena, e leng ho bolelang ho eketseha ha boholo le ka boima ba 'mele, ha ho boloka mohaho akaretsang ea diabolose,' me a tsamaea le jwalo rarahaneng e le ntshetsopeleng ya.

A le 'ngoe lik'hemik'hale

libōpuoa phelang li entsoe ka e tšoanang likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale, tse akarelletsang beha dintho tsa tlhaho tse sa pheleng. phapang e tekanyo e lekanang ya ho karo-karolelano sa lekaneng. lintho tsohle tse phelang ka etsang liphesente tse lefatše 98 bopilwe likarolo tse kang k'habone, oksijene, naetrojene le hydrogen.

teneha

E le karolo ea bohlokoa ea e sa tlholeho ka phelang tsohle tse phelang, e le matla a ho nka khato ka ho hlasimolla. Tsobotsi ena e bontša ka tsela eo libōpuoa tse ho ikutloa joang ka mehloli Link tsa pepesehela.

discreteness

A tloaelehileng le sebelisoang malapeng tšobotsi ea taba phelang ke discontinuity lona. Sena se bolela hore tsamaiso efe kapa efe likokoana-hloko e akarelletsa arohaneng sebelisana likarolo tseo hammoho etsa e le 'ngoe mehaho le tshebetso mokgatlo.

Ka Lefatše, ho na le ke bophelo ka tse limilione tse likete tse 'nè le lilemo. Phelang libōpuoa tse phelang polaneteng ena ea rōna, ba Hoa makatsa hore ebe ba sa tšoaneng: ho tswa ho ba se nang balekane-e nang le sele le matla a sa bonahaleng ho ka mahlo tse phelang tse nyenyane ho lifate seqhenqha, ho fihlela ho limithara tse 90, 'me liphoofolo tsa litonanahali le boima ba' mele ho fihlela ho lithane tse 150. Ho sa tsotellehe ho se tšoane ha tsohle tse phelang, ho na le thabela matšoao hore thusa khetholla bona ho tloha 'mele ea tlhaho tse sa pheleng.