Libaka tsa khauta le tsa lichelete tsa linaha tsa lefats'e. Ke eng - lichelete tsa khauta le tsa kantle ho naha?

Khauta le lichelete tsa lichelete tsa linaheng tse ling ke lichelete tsa lichelete tsa linaha tse ling le khauta ea naha. Li bolokiloe ho Banka e Khōlō. Lichelete tsena li na le mekhatlo ea 'muso. Khauta le mehloli ea phapanyetsano e tsoang linaheng tse ling li sebelisoa ha ho baloa lits'ebetso tsa khoebo linaheng tse ling, bakeng sa tefo ea likoloto tsa ka ntle le tsa ka hare tsa naha, hammoho le merero ea lichelete.

Tlhoko ea ho bopa

Khauta le mehloli ea phapanyetsano ea kantle ho naha li hlokeha ho lefella litšenyehelo tsa nakoana tsa meputso bakeng sa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea litefello tsa machaba ka chelete ea chelete. Palo ea litokisetso tse entsoeng ke Banka e Khōlō ea naha ke pontšo ea bohlokoa. Bohloko ba eona bo bontša bokhoni ba mmuso ho etsa litefello tse sa feleng tse amanang le metse e ka ntle.

Ka mantsoe a mang, mehloli ea lichelete tsa khauta le tsa kantle ho naha ke thepa e ngata ea lichelete. Ba tlas'a taolo ea mekhatlo eo ea mmuso e sebelisang melao ea tsamaiso ea lichelete le mekoloto.

Lichelete tsena, ha ho hlokahala, li sebelisetsoa ho lefella bothata ba chelete ea tefiso ea naha.

Lipontšo tsa khauta le lichelete tsa phapanyetsano

Lichelete tse tšoaretsoeng Banka e Kopaneng ea naha li na le litšobotsi tse latelang:

- ke mehloli e mengata ea metsi, e leng tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tsa mantlha tsa tsamaiso ea mmuso ho phethahatsoa ha lichelete tsa machaba;

- etsa bopaki ba boemo bo matla ba mmuso ka maemo a lichelete;
- ke guarantor ea botsitso ba chelete ea naha;
- etsa bonnete ba hore ho phethahala ha boikarabelo ba lichaba tsa naha.

Ho thehoa ha lichelete tsa khauta le tsa kantle ho naha

Lichelete tse tšoaretsoeng Central Bank Bank li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tsa thepa. Ea pele e kenyeletsa khauta, e ka ba licheleteng tsa tšepe le mekoallo, hammoho le platinum, silevera le litaemane. Matlotlo ana a ka lula a rekisoa kapa a sebelisoa ka tsela e fapaneng, e tla ba lumella hore ba phethe boikarabelo ba bona ba ho lefa sekoloto sa linaheng tse ling.

Lihlahisoa tsa khauta le lichelete tsa sehlopha sa bobeli ke chelete ka lichelete tsa linaheng tse ling. Russia, e akarelletsa euro le dollar ea United States. Matlotlo a sehlopha sa bobeli naheng ea rona a emeloa ke chelete ea Japane, hammoho le maemo a ikhethang le litokelo ho IMF.

Tsamaiso ea khauta le libaka tsa phapanyetsano

Mefuta e meraro e 'nile ea ntlafatsoa' me e ntse e sebetsoa, e leng e khethollang kamano pakeng tsa ho lahla le ho ajoa ha mehloli ea naha. Khauta le libaka tsa phapanyetsano ea kantle ho naha li na le matlotlo a Lefapha la Matlotlo kapa Lefapha la Lichelete. Banka e bohareng e fuoa mesebetsi e ikemetseng ea theknoloji.

Libaka tse ling tsa khauta le tsa lichelete tsa linaha tsa lefats'e li fapane le mokhoa o itseng oa tsamaiso, o khethiloeng ke Letlotlo la Polokelo ea naha ena. Ka mohlala, ka mohlala, e hlaha UK.

Khauta le lichelete tsa lichelete tsa linaheng tse ling tsa linaha li ka ba le tsa Banka e Khōlō ea naha. Hape ke mookameli oa li-stocks tsena. Mohlala ona o amoheloa Jeremane le Fora. Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa linaha tsena li laola lichelete tsa khauta le lichelete tsa kantle ho naha 'me li iketsetsa liqeto tse ikemetseng holim'a mohaho oa mehaho ea libaka. Mefuta e tsoakiloeng ea ho lahla le ho fumana khauta le mehloli ea phapanyetsano e tsoang linaheng tse ling e amoheloa Russia, Japane le United States.

Litlhoko tsa lipolokelo tsa naha

Libaka tseo naha ka 'ngoe e li bōpang ke inshorense. Ba khona ho sireletsa moruo oa naha oa leha e le ofe mmuso ho tsoa likotsing tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng. Tabeng ena, lichelete tsa lichelete tsa khauta le tsa kantle ho naha li lokela ho finyella litlhoko tse ngata. E 'ngoe ea tsona ke bokahohle. Sena se bolela monyetla oa ho kenya ts'ebetsong ho indasteri efe kapa efe.

Khauta le mehloli ea phapanyetsano ea kantle ho naha le eona e lokela ho ba le bokhoni ba ho falla kapele sebakeng.

Sebaka leha e le sefe sa li-stocks se fana ka hore ba khutlele le nako ea nako. Ke kahoo litaba le tlhahiso ea khauta le lichelete tsa lichelete tsa linaheng tse ling li hloka litšenyehelo tse ling. Banka e kholo ha e fumane chelete ho tloha ho polokelo ea lihlahisoa. Leha ho le joalo, haeba li lekana ka ho lekaneng, mmuso o ka etsa qeto ea ho fa lichaba tse ling likoloto lihlahisoa.

E susumetsa ho theko ea lichelete

Na libaka tsa khauta le tsa lichelete tsa naha li susumetsa kholo ea tekanyo ea lichelete? Makasine ena e sa ntse e le mokhang. Ho na le maikutlo a itseng hore ka ho eketseha ha lihlahisoa, chelete e ngata ea naha e fokotseha, e leng ho thusang ho fokotsa boemo ba theko ea lichelete. Leha ho le joalo, bo-rasaense ba bangata ba nang le boemo bona ha ba lumellane. Ba pheha khang ea hore ka kholo ea lichelete tsa naha, tekanyo ea theko ea naha e tla eketseha.

Tshireletso ea libaka tsa phapanyetsano tsa khauta le tsa kantle ho naha

Ho fana ka mekhahlelo e itseng ea mebuso ho lumella ho phetha mesebetsi e 'maloa. Tse ling tsa tsona ke tse latelang:

- tšehetso ea chelete ea naha;
- ho boloka kholiseho ka leano la mmuso;
- tsamaiso ea chelete ea lichelete;
- ho qoba ho tsosoa nakong ea mathata ka ho fokotsa ts'oaetso e ka ntle le ho sireletsa thepa ea lichelete ka lichelete tsa kantle ho naha;
- ho boloka boemo ba naha e le boemo bo ka tšeptjoang le bo itšepa;
- karolo ea ts'ehetso ea chelete ea naha, e tšehetsoeng ke thepa e ka ntle.

Khauta le mehloli ea phapanyetsano ea kantle ho naha ea Russia

Libaka tsa Banka e kholo ea naha ea rona li thehiloe likarolo tse peli. E 'ngoe ea tsona ke chelete e ngata e fumanoang ke chelete ea federal. E ne e tsoa ho bona hore ka 2004 ho thehoa ts'ebetso ea botsitso ea Russia Federation. Karolo ea bobeli ke polokelo ea machaba, e laoloang ke Bank of Russia. Lichelete tsena, tse hlalositsoeng ka lichelete tsa linaheng tse ling, li na le mesebetsi e fapaneng le mehloli ea thepa. Leha ho le joalo, sethaleng sena, dipeeletso tsa bona moruong oa naha li nkoa e le tsa bohlokoa.

Khauta ea Russia le lichelete tsa Russia li boloka liranta tse limilione tse 505,9 liranta tse limilione tse likete tse mashome a mararo. Kabelo ea bona e kholo e tlalehoa ke euro le liranta (90%). Liphesente tse robong ke khauta.

Khauta le ho fetola lichelete tsa lichelete tsa Russia Federation li emela haholo liranta tsa US (ho feta 64%). Ke karolo ea mashome a mabeli a supileng a metso e supileng feela mohahong oa libaka ke euro. Lipalo tsena li bonts'a mesebetsi ea lihlahisoa tsa ho kenya ka ntle ho lidolara tsa Russia.

Ho na le tšekamelo ea ho eketsa thepa ea phapanyetsano ea kantle ho naha e tšoaretsoeng libakeng tsa polokelo ea banka. Sena se tsamaisoa ke ho matlafatsoa ha 'maraka oa thekiso ea Russia. Tabeng ena, karolo ea lichelete tsa khauta ea khauta e fokotseha khafetsa. Sena se bakoa ke ho oa ka ho tšepahala ha lichelete tsena. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, kgolo ea theko ea khauta e se e le sieo morao ka morao. Ho phaella moo, thepa ena ha e na metsi. Ho ke ke ha khoneha ho e hula ka chelete ka nako e khutšoanyane. Ho phaella moo, khauta ha e tlise chelete e ngata ho Banka e kholo. Mabapi le taba ena, ho hlakile hore phetoho ea khatello ea lichelete ea kantle ho naha e ntse e hatisoa.

Mekhoa e joalo e tloaelehile linaheng tse ling. Libaka tse bohareng tsa linaha tse ngata (Holland, Belgium, Australia, joalo-joalo) li se li qalile ho rekisa khauta libakeng tsa tsona.

Li-reserve tsa khauta le tsa linaha tse ling tsa US

Mehloli ea Amerika e kenyelletsa lichelete tsohle tse teng. Sena ha se nahane ka lichelete tseo tse lichelete tsa chelete tsa ba boholong. Ho phaella moo, lichelete tsa khauta le tsa kantle ho naha tsa USA li kenyelletsa lichelete tsa libanka tsa khoebo, tse bolokiloeng litlalehong tsa libanka tsa polokelo ea naha.

Ha o bala palo ea libaka tsa bolulo tsa dollar, setsi sa chelete se kenyelelitsoe , se nang le sekoloto sa ba boholong, se fokotsehang ka bongata ba likoloto tse lekaneng la tsamaiso ea Federal Reserve. Ha o bala kontšo ena, nahana ka boikarabelo ba machaba le thepa ea ba boholong naheng ena.

Khauta le phapanyetsano ea lichelete tsa lichelete tsa United States (ho ea ka tlhaloso) li fana feela ka karolo ea leshome le metso e mehlano lekholong ea chelete. Haeba ba nang le matšeliso a mmuso ba etsa qeto ea ho ba buseletsa ka lebaka la ho se tšepe lidolara, joale boholo ba chelete e ka ba karolo ea boraro lekholong feela.

US e sa ntse e le moemeli oa khauta e kholo ka ho fetisisa oa lefatše, ho sa tsotellehe hore molumo oa hona joale oa tšepe ena ea bohlokoa o batla o le ka tlaase ho makhetlo a mararo ho feta ka mor'a ntoa. Ka nako e tsoanang, mehloli eohle ea Banka e Khōlō ea Europe le linaha tsohle tsa Europe li lekana le lithane tse likete tse leshome tsa khauta, tse phahameng ho feta tsa Amerika.

Litsebi tsa moruo li hlahloba dintlha ka karolelano ea lichelete tsa khauta tse etsoang ke naha le boholo ba sekoloto sa eona sa sechaba. Tabeng ena, Switzerland e na le boemo bo botle haholo, 'me United States - e mpe ka ho fetisisa.

Ho ba oa pele har'a lichaba tsa lefats'e ka bophara ba khauta e bokelletsoeng United States of America e ile ea lumella boemo ba bona ba libaka le likarolo tsa geolotiki. Ke feela lilemong tse hlano tse qalang tsa seo ho thoeng ke "khauta ea khauta" e hlahisoang ka lithane tse tharo tse mashome a mararo le mashome a supileng a tšepe ea bohlokoa. Sena se hlalosa karolo e phahameng ea khauta sebakeng sa polokelo ea naha ea naha. Ka nako eo e ka bang mashome a supileng a metso e mene le halofo. Ka mantsoe a boima sena ke lithane tse 8133.5.

Hape ke ntho ea tlhaho hore ebe chelete e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea khauta e hahoa USA. Mong'a lona ke Bank of Reserve Reserve. Taba ea hore sebaka sa euro se na le tšepe e mengata e mosehla mokhatlong oa eona ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha Letlōle la Lichelete la Machaba sebakeng sa eona. Leha ho le joalo, mehloli ea khauta Europe e tlas'a taolo ea United States Congress. Esita le qeto ea ho rekisa tšepe ea bohlokoa e tlameha ho behoa ke qeto ea US.