Indasteri ea linaheng tse ling tsa Europe le litšobotsi tsa lona

Bakeng sa Europe kenyeletsa linaheng tse ling ka ntle ho CIS. naha ea bona e fetang limilione tse 5 km lisekoere le ke lehae la batho ba ka bang makholo a mahlano milione. Bua ya Europe tsoang linaheng tse ling, re bolele ka mashome a mane naha e re, amanang le eseng feela hore le qetello ea histori, empa e boetse e le ngata haufi moruo, tsa lipolotiki le tsa setso dikgwele.

Europe machaba ke e 'ngoe ea litsi ka sehloohong ea tsoelo-pele ea batho. Ho ke belegetswe ea agglomerates tsa litoropo, tse khōlō tse sibolotsoeng libaka, hammoho le haholo le liindasteri phetoho e khōlō. Me ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore nako ea "Eurocentrism" nakong e fetileng, Europe tsoang linaheng tse ling nka e le oa bohlokoa, e seng feela lipolotiking lefatše, empa hape le moruo oa eona.

moruo

Ho ithuta linaheng tse ling tsa Europe indasteri (11 sehlopha sa - ka nako ea ha taba ena e bua haholo ka sekolong), re ho nka e ka ho sebaka se ka kakaretso. Ka nako e tšoanang, ho ea ka ka litsebi, naha teng ka sebaka sa eona, har'a ba pele lefatšeng libakeng tsa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa temo le indasteri. U se ke ua hopotse ka sebakeng e itlhommeng pele ka maemo a ka ke diyantle tsa litšebeletso le thepa ka metšoasong phapanyetsano le khauta, hammoho le tsoelo-pele ea maqhama bohahlauli machaba.

Le matla a ya moruo ya Europe tsoang linaheng tse ling fumanoa linaheng tse 'nè tsa "Big Supileng". Ka lethathamo bona tsa Fora le Jeremane, Italy le Engelane. Ho e re tsena na le mefuta e fapaneng bolelloa batho ba bangata ba le liindasteri tse sa tšoaneng le ho mafapha. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho leka-lekana ea matla pakeng tsa linaha tse 'nè bo lebisang undergoes liphetoho tse itseng. Ho joalo, ka lebaka la ho lilemo tse mashome tse fetileng karolo e phethoang ke moeta-pele oa Jeremane hlōla. Sena ha se makatse. Ka mor'a hore tsohle tsa moruo ba naha eo e ho ntshetsa pele dynamically haholo. Ka nako e tšoanang botumo ba eona "kokoano oa lefatše" e lahlehetsoe ke United Kingdom.

linaha tse ling tse linaheng tse ling tsa Europe, eo moruo o bohlokwa ka ho fetisisa a moruo, e Switzerland le Spain, Belgium, Netherlands le Sweden. Linaheng tsena, feela e le liindasteri tse seng kae tse tsoetseng pele, eo na le ho amohela machaba.

A sebaka khethehileng sebakeng sa ho lula linaheng tse Europe Bochabela. Ho tsona, ho tloha eighties morao, ke phetoho a sebetsang a ileng sa etsahala ho tloha thero ea e bohareng le e beng oa phatlalatsa oa rails tsa likamano tsa 'maraka.

ntshetsopeleng indasteri

Motheong oa moruo Europe ke indasteri tsoang linaheng tse ling. E phetha karolo e ka sehloohong, ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore linaheng tse ngata karolo eo tau ea moruo ea indasteri ea temo le ditshebeletso. Indasteri ea linaheng tse ling tsa Europe ka makholo a lilemo tse 'maloa, ke mofuta oa motho.

Features

ntshetsopeleng batho le maemo a ba histori kapa ho seng joalo ruri fetohe 'marakeng oa lefatše. Ho fetotsoe le ea mohlala ea indasteri mose ho maoatle Europe. E le, haeba pele ho 2nd Ntoa ea Lefatše, sebaka ne a tumme bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa theko e phahameng buka e ikhethang ka mor'a qetello ea tshebetso la sesole la kgwebo hae ba ne ba reoriented ho litlhoko tsa ba boima 'maraka.

Karolo e ka sehloohong ea lihlahisoa tsa saense e-matla le lintho tse rarahaneng li ne li tsoa United States. Indasteri ea European naheng e 'ngoe e se e tumme ka mechine le likoloi, elektronike le thepa tshebetso. Sebakeng se qala ho hlahisa thepa bakeng sa batho ba tloaelehileng.

A mokhoa tšoanang ha aa fetoha ho fihlela qetellong ea seventies ea. Nakong ena, indasteri tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa Europe se ile sa hlahisa mofuta oa karohano oa mosebetsi o boima pakeng tsa linaha tsa sebakeng seo. Kahoo, linaheng tse Mediterranean a tsoela pele ho lokolla ba thepa bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng mefuta e sa bareki. Ka nako ena Engelane, Fora le Jeremane ba ka mafolofolo ho ntshetsa pele tlhahiso ea lifofane le likepe. All ena e fokotsehile lekhalo le US tikolohong eo.

Nahana ka makala a ka sehloohong ea indasteri tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa Europe, e leng ho ba le boima ba 'mele oa ka nako eo.

le boenjiniere

Ha o ile a botsa: "bolela ka ho toba ea lekala e khōlō ea indasteri e 'ngoe Europe,' ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho nahana ka ho pharalla, e sebelisang ba etsang liphesente tse fetang mashome a mararo tsa batho ba sebakeng seo. Ho le boenjiniere, ho fana ka e 'ngoe ea mekoloko sehlahisoa bolelloa batho ba bangata lefatšeng.

Ena ea lekala e se ka sehloohong sa khoebo linaheng tse ling tsa Europe e emetsweng hoo e ka bang linaheng tsohle tsa sebakeng seo. Leha ho le joalo, fuoa pharalla ha boemo ba ntshetsopeleng linaheng motho e fapaneng. Mohlala, ho na le sehlopha se itseng baeta-pele ba Europe. Linaheng tsena, ho na le hoo e batlang e le bohle ba mefuta e fapaneng ya le liindasteri, mosebetsi eo e seng feela khotsofatsa litlhoko tse ruuoang tsa sebakeng seo, empa le tsona lumella u ho romela dihlahiswa bakeng sa diyantle bakeng.

Ho na le ba Europe le linaheng tse ling le 'ngoe feela kapa tse seng kae libakeng tse haholo ntshetswa pele ea tlhahiso boenjiniere. Tabeng ena, ho hlokahala hore mefuta e itseng ea lihlahisoa tsa e ba ile ba kopana ka ho naha.

Baeta-pele ba sehlopha sa haholo-holo kenyeletsa Jeremane le Brithani, 'me ka tekanyo e monyenyane, li akarelletsa Fora le Italy. libakeng le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ea indasteri ea boenjiniere le e fumaneha ka Netherlands le Belgium, Sweden le Switzerland.

Litšobotsi indasteri ea Europe tsoang linaheng tse ling ke ke ba hlōleha ho ama le linaheng tse kang Denmark le Austria, Finland le Norway. Liprofinseng tsena, mechine ea fokola. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba ba le 'ngoe kapa tse peli le liindasteri, e fumaneng ho amohela ka' maraka oa lefatše. Ka mohlala, Finland e tumme ka makhasi ao le pampiri lona thepa, Norway - shipbuilding, joalo-joalo ...

Ho indasteri kakaretso boenjiniere le linaheng tse ling tsa Europe e hlahisa hoo e ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano ba lekholo ba tlhahiso ea lefatše ea karolo ena. Ea linaha sebakeng bo fihla Textile, motlakase, thepa ea theknoloji, ho lekanya le liletsa tsa saense, literaka le likoloi, hammoho le literekere.

Ke mang ea hlahisa eona?

The liindasteri fetisisa ntshetswa pele linaheng tse ling tsa Europe ho indasteri e likoloi. Jeremane, ho sebetsa dingongoreho katleho tse kang "Daimler", "Volkswagen", "Mercedes" le BMW. From France tla cha likoloi "Peugeot-Citroen" le "Reno." Italy ke e tsebahalang ka ho lona "volkswagen".

Jeremane, Netherlands le UK ke shipbuilding haholo tsoetseng pele. Lefatšeng ka bophara lik'hamphani tse kang "Bosch" le "Philips", "Moulinex" le "Tefal" tsebahalang. tlhahiso ea bona ka sehloohong lokolloa ha liselefouno, lik'homphieutha, 'me lisebelisoa ntlo ea hahoa Jeremane, Fora le Netherlands. Ka Switzerland, o atlehe boleng bo phahameng lebela ho lokolloa.

Engineering indasteri mose ho maoatle Europe e bua haholo-holo ka mehlodi ya fumaneha batho. Ho phaella moo, tsoelo-pele ea makala a ka sehloohong ea indasteri thusa hore ho e le setsi tsa saense tsa tikolohong eo le boemo bo phahameng ba tsa dibopeho tsa motheo tsa lona.

indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale

Sena ke ea bobeli kholo ka ho fetisisa indasteri vanguard tikolohong eo. Lik'hemik'hale indasteri mose ho maoatle Europe, hammoho le boenjiniere bo phetha molao, ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la lilemo la ho qetela pele ka potlako haholo. 'Me e ne e tloaelehileng bakeng sa sebaka se ka kakaretso.

Ho thahasellisang ke hore, indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale e tseba mohloli o mocha oa lihlahisoa tse tala. O ile a lithuto tsa ho oli le intermediates lona e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa lik'hemik'hale tse phelang. Ena ea e-ba motheo oa lihlahisoa tse tala le lihlahisoa tsa lefapha. Joalokaha eka ke ka nako e pele ho Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, indasteri e lebeletse ho lignite le mashala, sodium le potassium letsoai, hammoho le pyrites, kaofela ha tlhahiso ea lona e libakeng tse ka ea ho hōla bona.

Le reorientation tsa lefapha la sena e ne e le battlefield lona ho mehloli ea oli. Ho joalo, karolong e ka bophirimela ea sebakeng seo e ne e le litsi tsa peterolo kgolo, e hahiloeng ka estuaries tsa Rhine le Thames, Elbe le Seine le Rhone. Libakeng tsena, indasteri e ka ho phethahetseng ho kopantswe le ho hloekisoa ka.

Reorientation ea indasteri amehang libakeng ka bochabela ea Europe Bophirimela. Mona, ka litsela tse kholo le lipeipi khase di thehile peterolo limela le refineries. Khampani e ka sehloohong ea mofuta ona ke Poland, Slovakia, Hungary le Czech Republic. Ba ile ha hahoa hammoho le tsela ea lipeipi le oli ea machaba, lihlahisoa tse tala pele pumped tloha Soviet Union, 'me kajeno - ho tloha Russia.

Ho feta moo, pele ho 2nd Ntoa World beha boemo ba tsoelo-pele ea indasteri lik'hemik'hale le ka tekanyo ea molumo e le oa asiti sulfuric lokolloa eona. Hona joale, palo ena e itšetlehile ka ka tjhelete e ya polasetiki hlahisitseng.

Kabo ya dimela lik'hemik'hale

Ntshetsopeleng ya ea bobeli e khōlō ka ho fetisisa indasteri vanguard tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa Europe e lekane. Ho joalo, entsweng ho ya ka Italy le Engelane, Jeremane le Fora ka botlalo khotsofatsa tlhokeho tsa lona malapeng bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale, e le, ho phaella moo, le Exporters kgolo. Mabapi le linaha tse Nordic, sebakeng sa eona e hantle ntshetswa pele feela tlhahiso ea motho ka mong tse kang ho hlahisa manyolo naetrojene. Ka nako e tšoanang palo e khōlō ea lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale imported ke ba tsoang linaheng tse ling.

Ho na le ba linaheng tse ling tsa Europe le khetheha, feela e mengata e fapaneng moqotetsane tsa liindasteri. Ka mohlala, ka Switzerland ntshetswa meriana, Netherlands le Belgium - indasteri peterolo. Empa ho sa tsotellehe sena, linaheng tsena ba le maqhama le haufi le 'maraka lefatše ke hona ho rekisetsa mafatse e ka bang liphesente tse 65 tsa tlhahiso ea lona.

Empa ka kakaretso ba linaheng tse ling tsa Europe e morekisi kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa likhoele maiketsetso le maiketsetso, dipolasetiki, pente le lipolisheng, meriana, lidae le menontsha naetrojene. Sebakeng sena tsa lihlahisoa tse ncha 'me hlahella ea indasteri lik'hemik'hale e, imported tsoang United States.

Haeba u hloka tlhaloso ya e mong oa liindasteri le linaheng tse ling tsa Europe, e ke ho hlokahala hore ho ka hloko hlahloba boemo jwale ya lik'hemik'hale lekala la sebakeng seo. Lilemong tsa morao tjena ho bile le tšekamelo ea ho ba le phokotseho ya naha. Leha ho le joalo, tabeng ena, se ka ntle ho ho sebetsa ha monopolies American, e ka mafolofolo bopa likhoebo tsa bona ka Europe. mosebetsi oa bona o ikemiseditse ho ne ho bōptjoa lihlahisoa tse ncha lik'hemik'hale.

Energy

Sena se tsoang linaheng tse ling boemong moruo Europe, hammoho le indasteri lik'hemik'hale e, e bua ka khase ea tlhaho le oli. boitsebiso boo e hlahiswa e Leoatleng le ka Leboea, le e imported ho tloha Russia le linaheng tse tsoelang pele. Hona joale, ho na le e ne e le ho fokotseha bohale tlhahiso le tshebediso ya mashala Jeremane, Engelane, Belgium, Netherlands le Fora. Dikamano tsa mafura ena e bolokiloe ha likarolo tse ka bochabela ea sebakeng seo. Ka mohlala, ka Poland le Czech Republic, karolo e khōlō ea lintho tse bonahalang tse tala bakeng sa mafura le matla a lefapha la e lignite. Ho lebisa tlhokomelo e ngata TPP sebetsa mona. Le mashala e nkiloeng eseng feela matamo a bona. bohlokoa ba eona le laolla ka likoung kgolo European.

The jeokrafi le sebopeho sa matla a motlakase tikolohong eo, ho feta 'me e itšetlehileng ka ho feta ka matla a nyutlelie. Ba se ba ntse ho sebetsa Jeremane le Belgium, Czech Republic le Hungary, Bulgaria le UK, hammoho le Fora.

The melatswana tsa Rhone le dimela Danube mwinda hlahisa motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, ntle le Switzerland, Sweden le Norway fehlang motlakase matla a play, hangata karolo ea thekga.. Tsoa theko PSPs ho ile ha hahoa Europe tsoang linaheng tse ling.

indasteri metallurgical

indasteri e se e bōpileng indasteri tikolohong eo esita le pele ho qaleha ea phetohelo theknoloji. Pele ho tsohle, le tšepe le tšepe indasteri ntshetswa pele linaheng tseo moo ho na le metallurgical mafura kapa tse tala. Linaha tsena li akarelletsa Jeremane le Fora, Engelane le Spain, Luxembourg le Spain, Czech Republic le Poland. Ka mor'a ho ea qetellong ea 2nd Ntoa ea Lefatše le lifektheri kholo ka ho fetisisa ho ile ha hahoa kapa atolosoa libakeng tse ka planar haufi le likou. Sena se etsahetse ka lebaka la ho tlwaetsa ka bohlokoa ba tšepe sephephechaneng le phahameng sehlopheng tšepe manya.

Ho fihlela joale, ka ho fetisisa morao-rao le kholo ka ho fetisisa dimela, haufi koung leoatle, e hahiloeng ka Setaliana Taranto. Haufinyane tjena, ha ho le jwalo, mini-dimela hahoa haholo-holo ka sebaka sa.

Makala bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa linaheng tse ling batho bao e seng ferrous metallurgy Europe e ka kenyeletsa aluminium le indasteri koporo. Production ya aluminium ba sebakeng dinaheng le mehloli ea bauxite. Sena ke Italy, 'me France, Romania, Greece le Hungary. tlhahiso ea joalo o boetse o teng Austria, Jeremane, Switzerland le Norway. Ha ho na lihlahisoa tse tala ea lona, empa se hlahisa e khōlō palo ya motlakase.

tlhahiso ea koporo e ntshetswa pele Fora le Jeremane, Poland, Engelane le Belgium.

Meru le Light Industry

makala a seo tse ling tsa indasteri di pharaletseng pele sebakeng sa? E mong oa bona - ho indasteri e moru mose ho maoatle Europe. Pele ho tsohle, e tataisoa ke mehloli ea eona e ea lihlahisoa tse tala. Ke ka lebaka leo ho indasteri e e haholo-holo hantle ntshetswa pele ka Finland le Sweden. Linaha tsena - baetapele ba moetlo ka sawmilling le lifate, makhasi ao le pampiri diyantle.

tlhokomelo e khethehileng e lokela ho ba indasteri khanya mose ho maoatle Europe. Ho ka lefapha la sena 'me a qala ho madirelong eohle ea sebakeng seo. Ka ea hona joale letsatsi le, khanya indasteri tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa Europe e lahlehileng le boemong ba eona pele.

Boima bohlokoa tsa sebakeng sa na le libakeng tse Textile joaloka Flanders (Belgium), Yorkshire le Lancashire (England), Lyon (France) le Milan (Italy). litsi tsohle tsa tlhahiso ea liaparo le lieta a hlaha lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, nakong ea matsatsi a pele ea phetohelo liindasteri. Ba ba mafolofolo kajeno. Morao tjena, Leha ho le joalo, ka tloaelo ba leseli indasteri leeme ka boroa Europe. Sena ke ka lebaka la mehloli fumaneha ke mosebetsi o boima baratos. Ka mohlala, e kgolo seaparo fektheri sebakeng sa ka hona joale bitsoa Portugal. Italy e boetse e hlahisa 'maloa a lieta, tse molumo o bobeli feela ho China.

Batho ba linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe boloke lineano ea sechaba, e leng ho fumana polelo e reng ka ho hlahisa liletsa tsa 'mino, thepa ea ka tlung, jewellery le lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe le ka khalase, lintho tsa ho bapala le lintho tse ling D..

Ka mohlala, Belgium e tsebahala ka lithunya tsoma (Brownings) le ho e lokisa taemane. Ho na le kotsi e le setsi lefatšeng bakeng sa khoebo e litaemane e teng ka Antwerp. Ka Liechtenstein, e hahiloeng kholo ka ho fetisisa ba lefatše ba kgwebo ho hlahisa meno maiketsetso. lihlahisoa tsena li rekisoa linaheng tse fetang lekholo.

Leseli, indasteri moru mose ho maoatle Europe, le hoja li sa bapala karolo e isang ho indasteri e sebakeng, empa ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea moruo lona ka kakaretso.