Geochronological tekanyo e le histori ea tsoelo-pele ea lintho tse phelang

Stratigraphic tekanyo (geochronological) - tekanyetso eo ka yona histori e lekantsoeng ea lefatše le Geological boleng ba nakoana. tekanyo e ena ke mofuta oa almanaka eo e bohlokoa ho theosa le dikgao nako ka makholo a likete 'me esita le lilemo tse limilione li.

About polanete ea

Morao-rao le maikutlo a tloaelehileng ka Earth li thehiloe ya data e fapaneng, ho latela eo a le lilemo li polanete ea rōna e ka bang tse 'nè le lilemo li ka lilemo tse limilione tse likete tse halofo. Ha ho mafika kapa liminerale hore ka bontša hore sebopeho sa polanete ea rōna e e-s'o fumanoe hare leha e le efe, ebang ke ka holim'a metsi. Refractory metsoako ruileng khalsiamo, aluminium le chondrites, eo ho ile ha thehoa tsamaisong ea letsatsi neng le monyetla fokotsa lilemo lebetsoeng le oa lefatše ka litšoantšo tsena. Stratigraphic tekanyo (geochronological) bontša ka makhetlo a leliboho sebopeho lefatšeng.

mefuta e fapaneng ya meteorites di ithutile ho sebelisa mekhoa ea kajeno, ho akarelletsa le uraniamo-etella pele, 'me ka lebaka leo a hlahisa likhakanyo tsa lilemo ea tsamaiso ea letsatsi. Ka lebaka leo, nako e fetile kaha pōpo ea lefatše, o ne a aroganywago ka beetsweng ka liketsahalo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa Lefatšeng. Geochronological tekanyo e ke ho le bonolo haholo ho boloka tlaleho ea nako eo Geological. Phanerozoic mehla, ho etsa mohlala, delineated tse khōlō liketsahalo ho iphetola ha lintho hore e hlahile ea ho fela ea lefatše lohle ea lintho tse phelang: ho Paleozoic ho ea moeling Mesozoic tšoaea ho kholo ka ho fetisisa historing ea polanete ea mefuta e fela (Permian-Triassic), 'me qetellong ea Mesozoic Cenozoic arohane tswa Cretaceous-Paleogene fela.

History ea pōpo

Bakeng sa sehlopha se busang 'me nomenclature la likarohano morao-rao tsohle geochronology bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lilemong tse lekholo tse ea leshome le metso e robong ba tsoa ho ea ba: ho halofo ea bobeli e ile ea tšoareloa fa setlhopha se kopane a IGC - International Geological Congress. Ka mor'a moo, ho tloha lilemong tse 1881 ho 1900, ba ne ba morao-rao stratigraphic tekanyo e.

Geochronological lona "rarollela" nakong e tlang ho pheta-pheta e hloekisitsoeng 'me a fetola ka ya data tse ncha ba fumaneha. Ka ho feletseng le matšoao a fapaneng e ne e le dihlooho tsa mabitso itseng, empa atileng ka ho fetisisa palokatiso - libaka.

mabitso

Ka mohlala, nako Cambrian, bitsoa joalo hobane Cambria - ke Wales nakong ea 'Muso oa Roma,' me nako Devonian e mong ea bitsoang ka mor'a hore seterekeng sa Devonshire Engelane. Lebitso la nako Permian e ne e tsoa motseng oa Perm, 'me o ile a fana Jurassic Jura Mountains lebitso. Ea boholo-holo meloko - Sorb (Majeremane ba bitsa Wendy) e ne e bitswang VENDIAN nako, 'me ka hopola Macelt - meloko ordovika le Silures - e mong ea bitsoang Silurian le Ordovician linako.

Geochronological tekanyo e ka linako tse ling tse amanang le lebitso le ea ho hlophisoa Geological a mafika: mashala a hlaha mabapi le palo e khōlō ea seams mashala nakong epolloa, 'me Cretaceous - hobane feela mongoli oa tjhoko ha namela libakeng tse lefatšeng.

kaho molao-motheo

Ho fumana hore na e lekanyelitsoeng Geological lilemo a mafika, ho hlokahala khethehileng geochronological tekanyo e. AD, nako eo e leng lilemo e lekanngoa ka lilemo tse ngata, ha ho hongata kholo bakeng sa geologists. lintho tsohle tse phelang polaneteng ena ea rōna e ile ea aroloa karolo tse peli tse khōlō - Phanerozoic le kriptozoy (Precambrian), tse delimited ke ponahalo ea mesaletsa ka majoe sedimentary.

Kriptozoy - thahasellisang nako, ka ho feletseng se patiloe ho tloha ho rōna, e le ka nako eo o teng phelang bonolo-bodied, ba siea mesaletsa ka majoe sedimentary. Linako tsa Geological nako tekanyo e kang Ediacaria le Cambrian, hlaha ka Phanerozoic ke ho etsa lipatlisiso paleontologists ba ile ba fumana ho bakang le mefuta e fapaneng mefuta e sa morue le mefuta e mekae ea lintho tse ling. Oa fumana tsa magala liphoofolo le limela li ba lumella ho arola strata le ba fa mabitso a loketseng.

nako dikgao

Karolo ea bobeli kholo ka ho fetisisa - e ile a leka ho hlwaya mekoloko ea histori ea bophelo ba Lefatše ha a mane nako e khōlō le arohaneng geochronological tekanyo e. Tafole bontša e le mathomo (Precambrian), mahareng (PALEOZOIC le Mezozoic), e phahameng (hoo e ka bang tsohle Cainozoe) le quaternary - nako, teng maemong a khethehileng hobane joalo ke lekgutshwane, empa ke kotonda le tsoelo-pele e tloha ka mesaletsa e khanyang le hantle-bala.

Hona joale bakeng sa boiketlo ba geochronological tekanyo e ea Lefatše e arotsoe 4 AD le linako tse 11. Empa ho qetela tse peli tsa tse arohaneng ke e 'ngoe tsamaiso ea 7 (linako). Sena ha se makatse. Haholo-holo tse thahasellisang ke likarolo ho qetela, hobane nako ena Geological tšoana le nako ea ketsahalo e sa le ntshetsopele ya moloko oa batho.

Milestones

Ka lilemo tse limilione tse likete tse halofo e mene 'me, ka liketsahalo tse latelang di hlahile historing Earth e reng:

• Ho ne ho ea pele ho ea nyutlelie tse phelang (prokaryotes pele) - lilemo tse limilione tse likete tse 'nè tse fetileng.
• Bokhoni tsa lintho tse phelang ho tala - lilemo tse limilione tse likete tse tharo tse fetileng.
• lisele tse hlaha le khubung ea (eukaryotes) - lilemo tse limilione tse likete tse peli tse fetileng.
• Ntshetswa multicellular phelang - lilemo tse limilione tse sekete tse fetileng.
• Ho ne ho likokoanyana baholo-holo: ho arthropods pele, arachnids, crustaceans, le lihlopha tse ling - lilemo tse limilione tse 570 tse fetileng.
• Fish le protoamfibii - e ba lilemo tse limilione tse makholo a mahlano.
• Ho ne ho dimela tsa lefatše le ho etsa hore re thabe se lilemo tse limilione tse ka bang ka 475.
• Likokoanyana phela naheng lilemo tse limilione tse makholo a mane, le dimela ka nako e le nngwe karohano fumana dipeo.
• Sehahabi phela polanete ka lilemo tse limilione tse 360.
• Lihahabi (lihahabi) e hlahile lilemo tse limilione tse makholo a mararo tse fetileng.
• lilemo tse makholo a mabeli tse limilione tse fetileng, liphoofolo tse anyesang pele o ile a qala ho iphetolele.
• lilemo tse lekholo le tse mashome a mahlano tse fetileng - linonyana pele ba ne ba leka ho li tseba maholimo.
• lilemo tse lekholo le tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng le lithunthung lipalesa (lipalesa dimela).
• Tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mehlano milione lilemong tse fetileng Lefatše ka ho sa feleng lahlehileng dinosauri.
• lilemo tse peli le tse limilione tse halofo tse fetileng ho na le e ne e le monna (genus Homo).
• lilemo tse lekholo tse sekete ba ile ba bolaoa tswa anthropogenesis tloha, e le hore batho ba fumane ba shebahalang ka eona hona joale.
• lilemo tse mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse sekete, ha a eo ka Neanderthals lefatše.

Geochronological tekanyo e le histori ea tsoelo-pele ea lintho tse phelang, di ne tsa kopanngwa hammoho, le hoja a batla a dira ditshwantsho 'me ka kakaretso, e datings ena e lekantsoeng, empa taba ea hore tsoelo-pele ea bophelo ba lefatšeng fana ka pono.

mealo mafika

karolong e ka holimo ea hangata stratified (moo ho ne ho se khahlanong le le dikarolo ka lebaka la ho litšisinyeho tsa lefatše). Kakaretso geochronological tekanyo e huleloa ho fihlela ho latellana lokeng strata a mafika, e bontša ka ho hlaka kamoo decreases lilemo tsa bona ho tloha botebong tlhōrōng.

Mesaletsa hape mutate ha ba ntse ba tsamaisa ho fihlela ba e be e rarahaneng ho feta ho sebopeho sa eona, ba bang ba hlahetsoeng ke liphetoho tse khōlō ho tloha lera ho lera. E ka o ile a re, ntle le etetse musiamo palaeontological le feela theohela Metro e - ka morema le 'mabole Tobana setseng imprints bona ka thōko haholo ho tloha mehleng ea rona.

Anthropogen

Nakong ea ho qetela ea Cenozoic mehla - ho ba sethaleng ea kajeno ea histori ea lefatše, ho akarelletsa le Pleistocene le Holocene. Seo se ile sa etsahala ka limilione tsena morusu lilemo (litsebi lumela ntse a le ka litsela tse ngata: ho tswa ho tse makholo a tšeletseng tse sekete ho tse tharo 'me ea milione halofo). Ho e phetiloe phetoho ya tsidifatso le ho futhumala ha, e khōlō kontinenteng glaciation, ha boroa nadvinuvshihsya glaciers tlelaemete moisturize, a hlaha ka matamo a metsi a hloekileng a ho sesa le letsoai. Glaciers ananelang karolo ea Leoatleng la World, e lowers boemo ba limithara tse lekholo kapa ho feta, ka lebaka la ho e metsoako ea lefatše.

Kahoo, phapanyetsano limela hlahile, mohlala, pakeng tsa Asia le Amerika Leboea, moo borokho thehoa ho ena le Bering Strait. Haufi le glaciers ho lula liphoofolo tse batang o lerato le linonyana: le mammoth, hairy rhino, likhama, musk lipholo, liphokojoe arctic, khoale Polar. Ba jala hole haholo ho ea ka boroa - ho Caucasus le Crimea, karolong e ka boroa ea Europe. Ha ba ntse ba glaciers sa ntse ba a sireletsa relic morung: phaene, phaene, kalse mohbat. E feela le hōle ho tswa ho ba hōla moru deciduous, e bopilweng ka lifate tse kang eike, hornbeam, maple leaf, beech.

Pleistocene le Holocene

Sena ke ea puso ea mora ea lilemo leqhoa - ha o qetile o se ka ho feletseng phetse karolo ea histori ea polanete ea rōna, e leng se emela geochronological tekanyo e machaba. Anthropogenic nako - le Holocene, e balwa ka oa ho qetela kontinenteng glaciation (ka leboea Europe). E ne e ka nako eo hore naha le maoatleng amohetse sebopeho morao-rao, 'me pele le libakeng tsohle libaka tsa Earth ea kajeno. The pele ho eena ea Holocene - Pleistocene epoch ke pele e entsoeng ke batho nako. Tsidifatso a qala polaneteng e tsoela pele - karolo e khōlō ea o ile a re nako (Pleistocene) oa tšoauoa bate haholo ho feta mehleng ea kajeno.

The ea Lefatše ka leboea nang fetileng glaciation - makhetlo a leshome le metso e meraro phahametse holim 'a glaciers le tsoetse pele ho thuto esita le linakong interglacial. Pleistocene limela haufi-ufi le ea kajeno, empa ba ne ba beha e nyenyane ka tsela e fapaneng haholo-holo linakong tsa glaciation. Tse sa tšoaneng genera le mefuta e meng ea liphoofolo ikamahanya le maemo ho pholoha Arctic mofuta o mong oa bophelo. Southern ea Lefatše o ne a sa ba hlokomela e joalo e moluba-lube e khōlō, kahoo limela le liphoofolo tsa Pleistocene ntse ke le teng ka litsela tse ngata. E ileng sa etsahala nakong ea Pleistocene ho iphetola ha lintho ba genus Homo - ho tloha ya Homo habilis (archanthropines) ho Homo sapiens karaoke (neanthropines).

Ha ho ne ho lithaba le leoatle?

Nako ea bobeli ea Cenozoic mehla - Neogen le pele ho eena lona - e Paleogene, ho akarelletsa le Pliocene le Miocene ba ka bang limilione tse peli tse fetileng, e ile ea nka ka bang mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mehlano milione lilemo. The Neogene phethoa sebopeho sa hoo e ka bang tsohle tse lithaba: le Carpathians, ho Alps, Linaheng Tsa Balkan, ho Caucasus, Atlas, Cordillera, Himalaya, 'me joalo-joalo. Nako e le nngwe tsa dibopeho tse fapa-fapaneng le boholo bo sa libeisine tsohle leoatle, joalokaha eka haholo draining. E ne e ka nako eo hore leqhoa Antarctica le libakeng tse ngata tse lithaba.

baahi Marine (invertebrates) tloaelane ho feta mefuta ea kajeno, 'me ka la naha laoloa ke liphoofolo tse anyesang - libere, likatse, litsukulu, mafiritšoane, lithuhlo, likhama. Litšoene iphetolele e le hore hamorao (Pliocene) ka hlaha australopithecines. Lik'honthinenteng e, liphoofolo tse anyesang a phela ntle, hobane ho na le ne ho se na kgokahanyo pakeng tsa bona, empa ka Late Miocene ea Eurasia le Amerika Leboea liphoofolo ntse fanana, 'me qetellong ea liphoofolo Neogene North American fallela Afrika. E neng e thehoa ka latitudes leboea ea tundra le taiga.

Paleozoic le Mesozoic mehla

Mesozoic etelloa pele Cenozoic mehla le e ile ea nka bakeng sa lilemo tse limilione tse 165, ho akarelletsa le Cretaceous, Jurassic le linako Triassic bona. Nakong ena, e matla lithaba thehoa ka peripheries ea Indian, Atlantic le la Pacific maoatle. Lihahabi qala ho busa ba bona ka mobu le ka metsing le moeeng. Ka hona ha ho e ne e le lekhetlo la pele, a ntse a ea khale haholo liphoofolo tse anyesang.

Paleozoic teng ka tekanyo e sa ka pel'a Mesozoic. E ile ea nka tse ka bang tharo le makholo a le limilione tse mashome a mahlano lilemo. Sena ke e le nako ea mafolofolo nakong lithaba-na le mohaho, 'me ea ho iphetola ha lintho le matla haholo ho fetisisa ea limela tsohle e phahameng. invertebrates hoo e ka bang tsohle tsejoa 'me vertebrates mefuta e fapaneng le litlelase tsa ho ile ha thehoa ka nako, empa liphoofolo tse anyesang le linonyana e ne e ha ho joalo.

Proterozoic le Archean

Proterozoic Mehla e ile ea nka ka bang libilione tse peli lilemo tse. Ka nako ena e ne e le e hlophisitsweng, mafolofolo sedimentation. Hantle-ntshetswa pele e putsoa-tala dimelametsing. Ho ithuta haholoanyane ka linakong tsena tse hōle, monyetla e ne e se hlahisa.

Archaea - ea boholo-holo mehleng ea ho fetisisa historing e tlalehiloeng ea polanete ea rōna. E ile ea nka lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse sekete. Ka lebaka la mosebetsi ha seretse se chesang e ne e le lintho tse phelang pele haholo.