Dissociation ya letsoai, acid le alkalis. Theory le kopo e sebetsang

Bakeng sa 'mele k'hemistri le Biochemistry tloaelehileng thulaganyou e ka kakaretso eo ho eona particulate taba - limolek'hule, ions (likaroloana sebele qosoa bitsoa cations le likaroloana hlonamisitsoe qosoa, bitsoa anions) radicals oa putlama ka likaroloana tse nyenyane tse. Tshebetso ena o bitsoa dissociation, eo e Latin bakeng sa "dissociation" le bolela "ho arohana." E tšoauoa ke litsupa tse kang "tekanyo ea ho dissociation", bontsha karo-karolelano ea likaroloana dissociated ho palo ea likaroloana pele putlama ka, ke hore,, le karoloana ea likaroloana tse tsekolohile. Tshebetso ya ho disintegration ea likaroloana le ka 'na la hlaha ka lebaka la liketso tsa itseng ka ntho e, mofuta wa liphello tsena rerang mofuta oa dissociation. Khetholla mogote dissociation, photodissociation, dissociation tlas'a tšusumetso ea mahlaseli ionizing, electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation ke se fapaneng le botsoalle le recombination. Tshebetso ena e atisa ho ferekanngoa le ionization.

Electrolytic dissociation ke mofuta oa dissociation, le hlaha le tlas'a tšusumetso ea limolek'hule solvent le libere Polar lik'hemik'hale botho ba hae. Dintho tseo ka dissociate ka solvent ka ions le ho li khanna hona joale ea motlakase, tse bitsoang electrolyte (acid e, letsoai, botlaaseng). Dintho tseo ha qhibiliha ha dissociate ka ions (alcohols, esters, lik'habohaedreite, joalo-joalo) ha electrolyte. The electrolyte bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa solvent - metsi. Metsi o e tšoauoa ka electrolyte fokola. solvents Polar (mohlala, ethanol, ammonia le asiti acetic) boetse ho na le ea nang le bokhoni ea dissolving le electrolyte. Dissociation tsa acid, alkalis, joaloka dissociation ya letsoai etsahala ditharollo ea metsi. The letsoai ya - sehlopha sena sa metsoako lik'hemik'hale eo limolek'hule li entsoe ka likaroloana sebele qosoa (tšepe cations), le likaroloana hlonamisitsoe qosoa (acid e anion masalla). Asiti Ho phaella moo letsoai, ho fapana le matsoai tloaelehileng bopilwe mefuta e 'meli ea cations (tšepe le hydrogen) le e acid e anion masalla. Ha qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a limolek'hule bola ka ions letsoai. Letsoai ka hlaphoheloa mouoane metsing.

Khetholla pakeng tsa electrolyte matla le ba fokolang. Ka classic khopolo ea electrolytic dissociation thulaganyou e hlokomela nkoa reversible, empa polelo ena e sebetsa feela ho electrolyte fokolang ditharollo hlapolla. E dissociation electrolytic tsa acid, makalana, matsoai, ke mohato o etsolloa, kaha letsoai (hoo e batlang e tsohle ntle le itseng e rarahaneng), acid le makalana (tseo thehoa le tšepe alkali le alkaline lefatše) ke electrolyte matla le limolek'hule ka ditharollo fokolang ka ho feletseng (100 %) dissociated ka ions. Matla electrolyte: NaCl (sodium chloride), HNO3 (acid e nitric), HClO3 (chloric acid), CaCl2 (khalsiamo chloride), NaOH (sodium hydroxide). Fokolang electrolyte: NH4OH (hydroxide ammonium), H2CO3 (acid e k'habone), CH3COOH (acid e acetic) 'me boholo ba acid manyolo le makalana. Ba ha qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a ka dissociate mokhoa o sa fellang (ka tloaelo ho, boleng ena ranges ho tloha% 1 ho tse 10).

Ka lebaka leo, polelo e reng tharollo ea electrolyte matla e na le ions feela, 'me ka tharollo ea electrolyte fokolang, haholo-holo nondecomposed limolek'hule tsa taba. Dissociation ya letsoai ho isa 'nete ea hore ka tharollo e nang le feela tšepe Ion le masalla acid e (mohlala, sodium Na + ealogy le chloride anion Cl-) le limolek'hule nondecomposed (NaCl) nang letsoai. Dissociation acid e letsoai isang hore ho thehoe ka tharollo ea ka ealogy tšepe, ealogy hydrogen le asiti anion masalla. Mohlala, acid e letsoai NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) dissociates be sodium ealogy (Na +), ealogy hydrogen (H) le e anion ea k'habone masalla acid e acid e (SO3-).

Ha tharollo (qhibiliha) kenngoa ka electrolyte electrolytic seleng ea (sejana le anode le cathode), ha gagamalo e sebelisoa ho qala mokhatlo directional ya likaroloana qosoa ho li-electrode ho tefo bo fapaneng: cations positive, - ho cathode hlonamisitsoe qosoa, ha anions mpe - ho sebele qosoa anode. thepa ena ea electrolyte, ka ho khetheha, dissociation letsoai atisa ho sebelisoa tsebo. electrolysis e etsoa tlhahiso ea indasteri ea aluminium, koporo (by hloekisoa electrolytic). Electrolysis hlahisa dintho purest hloekileng joalo a ke ke a fumanoa ka mekhoa e meng (distillation, crystallization, 'me batho ba bang). Ka electrolysis tšepe ntšitsoeng tšepe, hloekisa, kaha cathode e beha feela ho ealogy tšepe le litšila le lule tharollo kapa qhibiliha. Lipono tse makatsang tsa dissociation ya letsoai tsehelitseng hlahisa haedrojene e hloekileng 'me chloride bo hloekileng. Ka metsi, sodium chloride e bole ka ions: ealogy sodium le chloride anion. Ka anode tla ho abelwa chloride e hloekileng ka cathode - the byproduct hydrogen, le tharollo tla bopa byproduct 'ngoe ea bohlokoa - hydroxide sodium.