CNS - ke eng? Central tsamaiso ea methapo: mafapha, mesebetsi,

CNS - ke eng? Sebopeho sa tsamaiso ea methapo batho o hlalosoa ka mokgwa wa marangrang se makala a motlakase. Mohlomong ke puo ea tšoantšetso nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa tsa ho khoneha, ho ka linaleli masesaane, likhoele 'me ruri mathang jwale. lisele tse rona ho bona ka bobona hlahisa microdischarges ho ka potlako fana tlhahisoleseding ho tswa ho receptors le makala a kutlo ho bokong. Empa tsamaiso ha e sebetsa ka tšohanyetso, tsohle e ka tlasa ho sehlopha se busang ka tieo. Ke ka lebaka leo lokolla tsamaiso bohareng le pheriferale tšohile.

CNS

Re nahana ka tsamaiso ena ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane. Leha ho le joalo, le tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng - e ba efe? Moriana fana ka karabo e akaretsang ea potso ena. Sena ke karolo e khōlō ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea liphoofolo chordate le batho. Ho na le diyuniti mehaho - the methapo ea kutlo. Ka invertebrates, sebopeho kaofela shebahala joaloka lesihla la maqhutsu hore na subjugate hlakile e mong le tse ling.

The batho bohareng tsamaiso ea methapo e emeloang ke e tetemang ea boko le lesapong la mokokotlo. Ka bobeli khetholla cervical, thoracic, lumbar, le mafapha a sacrococcygeal. Ba leng teng likarolong tse ka lekanang ea 'mele. Ho thapo lesapo la mokokotlo e tšoaroa hoo e ka bang kaofela pheriferale litakatso tsa methapo.

boko, haholo, e arotsoe likarolo tse 'maloa, e mong le e ba tse nang le mosebetsi o itseng, empa hokahanya mosebetsi neocortex bona kapa cortex bokong. Ho joalo, anatomically hlaheletseng:

• boko ba bakoang;
• medulla oblongata;
• hindbrain (cerebellum le borokho);
• midbrain (quadrigemina poleiti le boko bakoang);
• forebrain (hemispheres bokong).

Bakeng sa lintlha tse ka 'ngoe ea likarolo tsena tla a hlalosa mona ka tlase. Joalo sebopeho sa ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo ho ile ha thehoa tsela ea ho iphetola ha lintho batho e le hore a ka fana ka bakeng sa bona ka bobona ka maemo e ncha ea bophelo.

lesapo la mokokotlo khoele

Sena ke e mong oa 'mele e' meli ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Physiology tšebetso ea oona ha fapane bokong: sebelisa metsoako e rarahaneng lik'hemik'hale (neurotransmitters) le melao ea fisiks (ka ho khetheha, motlakase), u fumane boitsebiso bo tsoang makaleng a nyane methapo ea kutlo kopanngoa ka libarele tse khōlō le ka sebediswa e le reflexes sebakeng lekanang ya khoele lesapo la mokokotlo, kapa e tsoela ho boko ho sebetsa le ho feta.

Thapo lesapo la mokokotlo e qalang pakeng tsa arches le 'mele vertebral. E sireleditsweng ka hlooho, lera la tse tharo: thata, bonolo le arachnoid. Sebaka pakeng tsa maqephe lesela e tletse mokelikeli eo e fepa le dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo, 'me hape o etsa mosebetsi oa absorber makala (dampens loebehlana nakong eo ke sisinyehang). Lesapo la mokokotlo Thapo e qala ho tswa ho lesoba ka lesapo occipital, ka moeling oa medulla oblongata, 'me e qetella ka pele le la bobeli lumbar vertebra. Hape ho na le khetla joala feela le likhoele telele methapo ea kutlo ( "pone mohatla"). Anatomists conventionally arola e ka likarolo le likarolo.

Mahlakoreng a mong le karolo (tsamaisanang le bophahamo ba vertebral e) tloha likhoele kutlo le dilenaneo methapo ea kutlo e bitswang stubs. Sena dithulaganyo telele tsa methapo ea kutlo, eo re 'mele o le ka ho toba ka khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. Ba e le 'mokelli oa boitsebiso ho tloha likarolong tse ling tsa' mele.

medulla oblongata

Mosebetsi oa ea tsamaiso ea methapo (bohareng) e boetse e amehang, le medulla oblongata. Ke karolo ea mokhatlo e kang ho bakoang boko, 'me ke ka ho toba le lesapo la mokokotlo e. Ho na le moeli balletsweng pakeng tsa mehaho e sa anatomical - e tšela pampitšaneng ena pyramidal. From borokho arola mohoma lona ho parola le utluwang tšimo, e leng ho nka sebaka ka fossa rhomboid.

The motenya konokono tšekamelo medulla 9, 10, 11 le 12-go th cranial methapo ea kutlo likhoele nyoloha le theoha litseleng neuronal le sebopeho reticular. Sebakeng seo ho na le boikarabelo ba ho phetha reflexes sireletsang, tse kang e thimola, ho khohlela, ho hlatsa, 'me ba bang. E ntse e re phela ka ho laola ho phefumoloha le ho otla ha pelo. Ho phaella moo, ka medulla e na le litsi tsa taolo ea mesifa molumo le ho boloka mele.

borokho

Hammoho cerebellum ke karolo e ka morao ea CNS. ha e le eng? Lesihla ea methapo ea kutlo le dithulaganyo tsa bona, teng pakeng tsa groove ka ho parola le eang teng khumo ea para ea bone ea methapo cranial. Ho emela valikoobraznoe thickening le phomotse e bohareng (lijana teng ho eona). Ho tloha bohareng ba borokho tsoa trigeminal likhoele methapo ea kutlo. Ho phaella moo, ho fallela hōle le borokho maoto ka holimo 'me bohareng ba cerebellum,' me ka karolo e ka holimo ea pons ho lokisetsa konokono 8, 7, 6 le 5, th methapo ea kutlo cranial, utluwang tseleng kabelo le sebopeho reticular.

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa borokho ke ho fetiswa ha boitsebiso bo ka holimo - likarohano le e ka tlaase ea ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Ka o feta e ngata nyoloha le ho theoha litseleng hore fela kapa qala mesebetsi ea bona libakeng tse sa tšoaneng tsa cortex bokong.

cerebellum

Sena se arohane CNS (bohareng tsamaiso ea methapo), e leng boikarabelo ba ho hokahanngoe le, ho leka-lekana tshegetsa le go tlotla, le ho boloka mesifa molumo. E leng pakeng tsa borokho le midbrain. Ho fumana boitsebiso bo mabapi le tikoloho ho eona feela lipara tse tharo tsa maoto, e leng lelefatsa masela methapo ea kutlo.

The cerebellum sebetsang sebakeng sa hae babokelli ba lipakeng tsa boitsebiso bohle. Ho e fumana matšoao tswa likhoele nahanela ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo, hammoho le likhoele dilenaneo hore qala ka cortex ea. Ka mor'a ho hlahloba ya data amohela, cerebellum romela linaoa le fetola metsamao ya mmele setsi sa boemo ba 'mele ka ho sebaka. All sena se etsahala e le ka potlako le ka thelelo hore ha re hlokomela mosebetsi oa hae. automatisms 'ohle a rōna a maholo (tantša, ho bapala liletsa tsa' mino le ho ngola) - e ke mosebetsi oa cerebellum ena.

midbrain

Ka CNS, motho o na le lefapha la hore ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa maikutlo a ditshwantsho tse. Ba ke midbrain. Ho na le likarolo tse peli:

• Ho emela ka tlaase boko bakoang, tse pyramidal tseleng.
• Top - poleiti quadrigemina, eo, ha e le hantle, teng litsing tsa ditshwantsho tse le utluwang.

Thuto karolong e ka holimo e amana haufi-ufi ho ea boko lipakeng, kahoo pakeng tsa bona ha ba na meeli anatomical. Conventionally, e ka ba nka hore e ke kamorao commissure tsa hemispheres ea boko. Ka bolibeng ba nuclei ba midbrain teng ea boraro cranial methapo ea kutlo - the oculomotor, 'me ho phaella moo, esita le motheo khubelu (ho ke ke le boikarabelo ba ho laola maikutlo a sephethephethe), substantia nigra (ba qalang mokhatlo oa) le sebopeho reticular.

Mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea sebakeng sena ba CNS:

• dikamano reflexes (itsoara joang ho susumetsa ba bang le matla: khanya, e phetseng hantle, bohloko, joalo-joalo ...);
• Pono;
• ba itsoara joang ka tsa thaka ea ho hotetsa le tsa bodulo;
• botsoalle mathoasong a hlooho le mahlo;
• tlhokomelo ya ya marapo mesifa molumo.

diencephalon

sebopeho sena e teng ka holimo midbrain, feela ka tlase ho polokelo callosum. Ho na le karolo thalamic tsa hypothalamus le ventricle boraro. karolo Thalamic akarelletsa ho thalamus tšoanetseng (kapa thalamus) le epithalamus metathalamus.

• The thalamus ke setsi sa mefuta eohle ea nahanela, o ile a bokella ho fihlela input tsohle kutlo le aba ho e loketseng ho tse tsela tsa likoloi.
• Epithalamus (epiphysis kapa 'mele pineal) ke endocrine tšoelesa. mosebetsi lona se seholo ke ho laola biorhythms batho.
• Metathalamus thehoa medial le lateral mele geniculate. 'mele Medial ke subcortical setsi sa utloeng le lateral - pono.

Taolong ya hypothalamus le ke pituitary tšoelesa le litsoelesa ba bang endocrine. Ho phaella moo, o laola karolo e le autonomic tsamaiso ea methapo. Bakeng sa tekanyo ea metabolism le ho boloka mocheso oa 'mele, re lokela ho mo leboha hantle. The ventricle boraro ke cavity moqotetsane oo mokelikeli ho hlokahala ho fana ka ho CNS.

neocortex

Neocortex CNS - ke eng? Ho ke karohano e monyenyane oa tsamaiso ea methapo, filo - le developmentally, o ile a theha e 'ngoe ea tsa ho qetela,' me ke letoto la lisele tse, nang mekhahlelo ka holim'a e mong le e tse ling. sebaka sena e ka bang halofo ea sebaka palo yohle ya hemispheres bokong. Ho na le gyrus le sulcus.

Ho na le likarolo tse hlano tsa cortex ea: ho toba, parietal, ya ntango, occipital, le insular. E mong le e ba bona ba na le boikarabelo ba sebakeng tsa bona tsa mosebetsi. Ka mohlala, lobes tse tobileng ke litsi tsa mekhatlo le maikutlo. The parietal le ya ntango - litsi lengolo, lipuo mekhatlo e metle 'me e rarahaneng ka occipital e - bonwang le utluwang, le insula tšoana le equilibrium le tšebelisano.

boitsebiso bohle, e leng e lemohuoa ka ho dipheletso tsa tsamaiso ea methapo pheriferale, ebang ke monko, tatso, mocheso, khatello, kapa ntho efe kapa efe e 'ngoe, kena cortex bokong' me ka hloko sebetswa. tshebetso e joalo km gana hore ha a bua ka liphetoho tse pathological, o ile a khaotsa ho, kapa koatile, motho e ba nang le bokooa.

CNS mosebetsi

Bakeng sa e joalo e sebopeho rarahaneng, e le tsamaiso e bohareng ea methapo, tšoauoa ka mosebetsi le e lekanang. The pele ho tsona - tšebelisano ena integrative. E fana ka maikutlo ka tshebetso hokahangoa litho tse fapa-fapaneng le tsamaiso ea ho boloka botsitso ea tikoloho ka hare. Mosebetsi latelang - kamano pakeng tsa monna le tikoloho ea hae, itsoara joang ka ho lekaneng ho 'meleng, lik'hemik'hale kapa ho susumetsa ba bang likokoana-hloko. Ho phaella moo, sena se akarelletsa mesebetsi ea sechaba.

Tsamaiso ea bohareng methapo le dithulaganyo metaboliki akarelletsa, lebelo bona, boleng le ngata. Bakeng sa morero ona, ho na le mehaho e ka thoko, ba kang ba hypothalamus le pituitary. Phahame mosebetsi kelello e boetse ke khoneha feela ka lebaka la tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Ha a ponang hole ea karolong e ka holimo e hlokomela, seo ho thoeng ke "lefu ea sechaba" ha 'mele oa motho e ntse solofetsang, empa e le setho sa sechaba, o ha e sa na le (ke ke bua, ho bala, ho ngola le ho fumana lesedi le leng le ikatisa ho).

Thata ho nahana hore batho le liphoofolo tse ling ntle ho CNS. physiology lona e rarahaneng le ntse se utloisise ka ho feletseng. Bo-rasaense ba leka ho utloisisa kamoo rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa tsa likokoana-hloko ya khomphuta ya hao tsohle hore kile ua ba teng. Empa ho bonahala e joaloka eona, e le "e tetemang ea liathomo e hlahloba liathomo tse ling," e le tsoelo-pele sebakeng sena e e-s'o ka ho lekaneng.