Boleng le molao-motheo oa tšebetso ea analyzers le hlaphohetsoe likelellong

lintho tsohle tse phelang Lefatšeng hloka boitsebiso bo mabapi le tikoloho eo ho eona lintho tse phelang phela, 'me motho e se mokhelo. Ka monyetla oa ho fumana boitsebiso bo mabapi le tikoloho fana nahanela (kutlo) tsamaiso. mosebetsi ofe kapa ofe, kutlo temoho receptor qala ka matla a susumetsang le phetoho lona ka litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo, le fetisa litakatso tsena ka boko ba balebeli ba potoloho neural, eo fetola ho litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo ho sensations itseng, tse kang utluwang, olfactory, bonwang, tactile, 'me ba bang.

ke analyzers le hlaphohetsoe likelellong batho eng? Ena hamorao.

ka analyzers

Nakong ea thuto ea tsa physiology ea litsamaiso kutlo Academician Pavlov , IP A ba bōpa e le mosebetsi oa analyzers ena. E mong le e semanolli likarohano tse tharo: e bohareng, pheriferale le mokhanni.

A karolo e itseng ea receptors pheriferale emela - dipheletso methapo ea kutlo tse hlokolosi feela ho susumetsa ba itseng mefuta e khetha. Di kenyelelitsoe le hlaphohetsoe likelellong, ho ngollana bona.

Analyzers le makala kutlo: sebopeho le mosebetsi bona

The semanolli na le sebopeho tloaelehileng. Ho na le Lefapha la receptor, karolo conductive le ofisi ea bohareng. Receptor kapa karolo pheriferale tsa semanolli le ka hlahisoa e le receptor ka. O lemoha le ho etsa ho e lokisa ka sehloohong oa boitsebiso itseng. Ka mohlala, e tsokoang utloahalla e lemoha ke phomola hamonate tsebe, khanya - leihlo khatello ea - receptors letlalo.

Ka makala a rarahaneng ea kutloisiso e (tatso, pono, ho se utloe), ho phaella ho receptors ho, boteng ba dibopeho tse thusang tsa maikutlo tse molemo tsa 'hlasimollang le ho sebelisa mehaho behang, a ho sireletsa le mesebetsi e meng. Ka mohlala, tšehetso dibopeho tsa semanolli bonwang hlahisa mahlo, ha a ntse a ditshwantsho tse receptors - feela nahanela lisele tse (melamu le dikhouno). Receptors ka ba hlaheletseng bokantle, tse lokisetsa ka ho teneha, 'mele holim' me lemoha tikoloho Link le ka hare phopholetsa teneha tikoloho ya ka hare le litho tsa ka hare.

Ho joang analyzers le hlaphohetsoe likelellong?

Division mokhanni semanolli bontša likhoele methapo ea kutlo e tsamaisa litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo ho tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng tswa receptor (utluwang, olfactory, optic methapo ea kutlo, joalo-joalo).

Central Front semanolli emela karolo e itseng ea itseng oa cortex bokong, eo ho eona tswakana le ho hlahloba boitsebiso bo fanoeng ke kutlo e le ho fetola hore e be sensations itseng (olfactory, ditshwantsho tse, joalo-joalo).

E le hore bakeng sa tshebetso e tlwaelehileng ya semanolli ho ka bitsoa botšepehi ba tsohle tse tharo tsa likarohano tsa lona. Kamoo Mecha ea kutlo e le analyzers? More ka hore tlase.

Mosebetsi ya semanolli bonwang

The receptor karolo ea dibopeho tsena li emela leihlo. lik'hemik'hale mona theha e pulse length motlakase eo e ntse e feta ka methapo ea kutlo optic, 'me e thulametse ka occipital lobe cortex.

Mosebetsi ya semanolli utluwang. Receptor tsebe mona. Karolo e ka ntle ea e il'o lla, karolelano tluoa tabeng ea se tlang. The pontšo susumelletsa hammoho le methapo ea kutlo utluwang bokong, lobes ea hae ya ntango.

Mosebetsi ya semanolli olfactory. The epithelium olfactory aparetsoe ke lera le ka hare la nko. Ba lemoha le limolek'hule monko, ha bopa litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo.

Mosebetsi oa tatso analyzers. takatso ea bona buds tse - nahanela lik'hemik'hale receptors hore arabela ho dintho lik'hemik'hale.

Ho na le tactile, mocheso, bohloko analyzers - hape bopilwe receptors ka letlalo. A re hlahlobeng ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane taba ea "le hlaphohetsoe likelellong" 'me "analyzers".

lekala ea pono

Chelete e kholo ka ho fetisisa oa boitsebiso bo mabapi le lefatše Link e fetisoa ho Motho a ka lekala la bona, ke hore, mahlo a, e leng e na le e sethusathuto thusang le leihlo. Leihlo teng karolong e ka pele ea lehata ka phomotse-orbit, sireletsa lona dintshi ka holimo ka tlaase le e tlisoang phetha molao, hammoho le ho eyelashes le dipeakanyo tse tobileng, nko le malar masapo cranial.

Analyzers le hlaphohetsoe likelellong batho ikhethang.

K'honeng ea ka soketeng leihlo ke verhnenaruzhnogo litsoelesa lacrimal hore secrete lacrimal mokelikeli, eohle, ntsetso-peleng motsamao oa dintshi e, wetting holim 'a leihlo la ka. K'honeng ka hare o tla ntša meokho feteletseng, e tobane le ka ducts eohle eaba ka cavity nasal tsa nasolacrimal difapho. Tse tsheletseng extraocular mesifa hokela leihlo le masapo lerako la orbit le lumella bakeng sa mokhatlo oa tsoha, theoha, kwa thoko.

Tharo khetla leboteng eaba ba etsa leihlo: fibrous (ntle), vascular (karolelano) le ho retina kapa reticulated (hare). Khetla ka ntle ho feta moo, karolo e ka morao e bopa e sclera (tunica teteaneng letlalo), o feta ka pel'a bonaletsang lera e permeable leseling, - e cornea. The konokono tsa sclera ho sireletsa mahlo 'me e ntse e tsoela sebopeho lona. Leihlo matlafatsa methapo ea mali, e leng ke ruileng choroid ena. Iris, ke hore, ka pele ea lona, pigmented, 'me sena se rerang' mala oa pigment, e leng e na le leihlo. Kahoo o ile a lokisetsa analyzers le makala kutlo.

Ka kamoreng e ka pele ea leihlo

The anterior kamoreng - sebaka pakeng tsa iris e le cornea, vyazkovatoy tletse mokelikeli. Ka mor'a iris e ho ke biconvex lense ea limilimithara tse 10 le bophara ba - rekere le sebeletsang pepeneneng lense. E khomaretse le ciliary mesifa, e leng e sebakeng choroid ena. Ha tsitsipano ea ligaments le e fokotsehile, i.e. le ciliary mesifa relaxes, lense fetoha feta khonvekse ka lebaka la ho mamello ea eona le elasticity, le sekgoeng, lense fetoha motenya nakong kholiso tensioning ligaments.

Ka kamoreng e ka morao ea leihlo e tletse mokelikeli le teng pakeng tsa lense le iris e. Bakeng sa lense ya leihlo cavity e tletse ka gelatinous boima sebeletsang pepeneneng, seo ho thoeng ke vitreous 'mele, e leng e reretsoe ho boloka sebopeho sa leihlo la ka, ho e fa fetoha le maemo' me, ho phaella moo, ho boloka ka kopana le sclera le choroid ho retina. Sena ke ea motheo ea sebetsa ha makala ka kutloisiso le analyzers.

retina

Retin-A, kapa letlooa-joaloka ka hare khetla ke rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa ka sebopeho. Ho mela leboteng la leihlo la ka hare. Lona etsa le methapo ea kutlo e qetellong ea methapo ea kutlo optic, receptor (photosensitive) lisele tse (melamu le dikhouno) le lisele tse pigmented hore ba sebakeng lera le ka ntle la retina. Black lera letheba pigment ho talingoa ka se qalang tsa thaka ea. Mona 's kamoo u ka sebelisang Mecha ea kutlo e le analyzers.

Leihlo nahana sethusathuto Optical. khanya e retelletsa lona tsamaiso e khopo e etsoang: 'mele vitreous, lense, e ea metsi mokelikeli ka morao le likamore tsa ka pele cornea. E mong le e elements Optical ea tsamaiso le fetisa ka mahlaseli a khanya a refracted, oela ka retina le eaba ba etsa e inverted le fokotswa setšoantšo lintho bonahalang ho leihlo.

Seo analyzers li amahanngoa le hlaphohetsoe likelellong, ho hona joale hlaka.

The mochine oa photoreception

Retina e na le ba ka bang limilione tse 130 ka melamu le dikhouno milione 7. The pigment dikhouno iodopsin se teng eo lumella ho lemoha 'mala motšehare. Ba ka boela ba arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro, ho ba le nahanela spectral ho putsoa, le lefubedu le le tala mebala.

The melamu le dikhouno (photosensitive receptors) ha a pepesa ho mahlaseli a khanya le liphetoho rarahaneng photochemical hore ba tsamaea le bokaholimo ba matsoele ba ka mebala bonwang ho kompone. Sena thusa hore ho ea photochemical itsoara joang ka ea nyakallo, ba a tšoaetsanoang ka ka methapo ea kutlo optic ho pulse length foromo ka diencephalon le midbrain (subcortical litsi), 'me ka ho eketsehileng ka lobe occipital ya cortex bokong le fetotsoeng ka boikutlo bonwang. Lefifing tsosolositsoeng bonwang pherese.

ke phapang pakeng tsa semanolli le kutloisiso le lekala eng? More ka hore tlase.

Matla a Bophelo

Lintlha tlatsetsang sa ho pholosa:

• mohloli khanya e ka ho le letšehali;
• mosebetsing lokela ho hantle hotetsa;
• ka leihlong la ho hlahloba taba e hole e lokela ho ba ka bang 30-35 di emetse disentimitara.

Hape, ho lebisa le ho senyeha ho bala ka ho tsamaisa (ho tloha nako le nako ho fetola sebaka se pakeng tsa lense le buka ea isang fokolisa elasticity ciliary mesifa le lense), kapa ho bua leshano tlase. Ho lokela ho sireletsa mahlo a khahlanong ingress ea leseli le khanyang haholo, lerōle le likaroloana tse ling. Ha ho na e seng tsa bohlokoa makala kutloisiso e le analyzers. Baeloji teko tla kgona ho feta e mong.

lekala la utloeng

Bakeng sa utloeng lekala ke tsebe karolelano, karolo e ka ntle 'me litsebe ka hare.

The tsebe Link kenyeletsang auricle le Link kanale utluwang, moropa oa tsebe ho ipolaea. Sebopeho sa pinna tšoana le funnel entsoe ka lisele fibrous, e leng e koahetsoe le letlalo le lefufuru. Bolelele ba le ka ntle utluwang kanale -. 2-5 cm, litsoelesa khethehileng Channel abelwa sulfuric viscous mokelikeli, sitisa microorganisms le lerōle. The rekere le tšesaane ho 0,1 limilimithara moropa oa tsebe khothalletsa phetiso ka tsebe bohareng utloahalla loebehlana.

Tsebe bohareng e teng ka mor'a moropa oa tsebe ka lesapo ya ntango ea lehata la. Hae cavity tympanic na le bophahamo ba modumo ea hoo e ka bang 1 cm, ³ 'me e na le ossicles tse tharo: stapes, incus le malleus. Mora Eustachian (utluwang) tube, e amana le tympanum nasopharynx. Khatello e ka mahlakoreng a mabeli ba moropa oa tsebe e tsamaiso di nyalantswe ka tube utluwang, e boetse e lula botšepehi.

e nyenyane haholo boholo utluwang ossicles foromo ketane e etsoang ka mechine le mong ho e mong. Malleus (outermost sekoting) e amana le lera tympanic, 'me hlooho ea eona le tšetlo e - sebedisa kopanetsoeng. Tšetlo, le eena, o khomaretse stapes, 'me e - leboteng sa tsebe ka hare. Utluwang ossicles leruo la ho se mosebetsi o etsoa ka makhetlo a 20 le tsokoang phetiso mexri ho tsebe ka hare ka moropa oa tsebe ho.

Leboteng le ka hare la tympanum, e leng a arola karolelano ea tsebe e ka hare e na le lifensetere tse peli (openings) - oval le ho potoloha, ka thata lera eo lera. The foramen ovale lera e itšetlehile stapes.

Tse ngata ba thahasella hlaphohetsoe likelellong 'me analyzers. Teko thutong ea baeloji, ho etsa mohlala, e na le lipotso ka taba ena.

Tsebe ea kelello e teng ka lesapo ya ntango, ke tsamaiso ea metjha e le cavities, bitsoa labyrinth. Hammoho ba etsa masatsoana labyrinth, le membranous labyrinth e teng ka har'a eona. Pakeng tsa membranous labyrinth le sebaka lesapo e tletse mokelikeli, e bitsoang perilymph.

Membranous labyrinth ka hare le tletse mokelikeli, e bitsoang endolymph. mafapha a mararo a abelwa ka litsebe ka hare: ho cochlea, le melatsoana semicircular le vestibule. Ke utloa lekala ka ngotsoe feela cochlea - lesapo le kanaleng spirally sothehileng 2,5 chenchana. The cavity ba le kanaleng e arotsoe ka likarolo tse tharo ke lera la tse peli.

lera le 'ngoe, lera ka sehloohong e entsoe ka lisele connective, e bopilweng ka hoo e ka bang 24 tse likete tse likhoele nyenyane ea bolelele fapaneng' me a lokisetsa transversely ho mokhoa oa ho cochlea ena. The likhoele telele ka ho fetisisa ke ha ke le tlhorong ea cochlea, 'me lekgutshwane - ka botlaaseng lona. likhoele tsena tse 5 mela zvukochuvstvitelnyh lisele tse moriri le lera barbotage hōla ka holimo bona. Hammoho, likarolo tsena etsa ka makala a Corti, hore ke receptor sethusathuto tsa semanolli utluwang.

Phapang pakeng tsa semanolli le lekala kutlo ke semanolli fumana lintlha ho tswa ho makala kutlo hore fumana e tsoa ho e le linaha tse ling.

The mochine oa temoho utloahalla

likhofu qhatsehang liphetoho le kanaleng nka stapes, eo e itšetlehile ka oval fensetere lera. Sena se etsa hore liphetoho ka lera mathomo gomoso likhoele. Ho akarelletsa le phahameng sekontiri se metsi utloahala sesosa loebehlana tsa fibrils khutšoanyane, tse teng botlaaseng ba cochlea, ha ba tlaase sekontiri se metsi ho etsa hore liphetoho tse ka holimo tsa fibrils e telele. Moriri lisele tse ka nako e tšoanang ama lera tšireletso, ho fetola sebopeho lona.

Moriri lisele tse, a bua ka barbotage ea sebopeho phetoho lera. Sena se etsa hore nyakallo e tšoaetsanoang ka ho mesencephalon ka sebōpeho sa linaoa tsa likhoele utluwang methapo ea kutlo, 'me ho feta ka utloa libaka tsa cortex kgolofalo ya lobe ya ntango, moo nyakallo kena ka boikutlo utluwang. Tsebe ea motho e ka utloisisa utloahala maqhubu a mefuta e fapaneng 20-20000 Hz.

Utloa Authority Bophelo

Ho boloka menyenyetsi, ho ke ho hlokahala hore ho thibela tšenyo e phetha molao ho moropa oa tsebe ho. Tsebe kanale 'me litsebe tsa tlameha ho bolokoe e hloekile. Ha litsebe tse bokeletseng keketso oa sebabole, e ke ho hlokahala hore ho kopana le setsebi. Matla le tsoarellang lerata ba le phello e kotsi ka lekala la utloeng. Ho bohlokoa haholo ho phekola sefuba ka tsela e nakong, e le ka cavity tympanic ka tube eustachian ka phunyeletse libaktheria le qholotsa ho ruruha. Re hlahloba analyzers le litho tsa ka hare le kutloisiso ea batho.

analyzers tse ling

Ho boetse ho na tactile, gustatory le analyzers olfactory. Bitsoa thetsana halefa letlalo 'maloa receptors. Tatso receptors etsa pheriferale arohane tatso semanolli (leleme molomo mucosa). Litsi phahame ka bokong. Olfactory semanolli fumana tlhahisoleseding ho tswa receptors teng ka nasal mucosa. Mocha oa ho fofonela ho batho pele ho fetisisa length of, ho fapana le liphoofolo.

Thahasellisang mosebetsi oa sethusathuto le skeletal, laola boemo ba le ho tlwaetsa mele ka sebaka. Age le bong ama bokgoni ba ho analyzers. Mohlala, basali ba na le kutloisiso e molemo tse tsoetseng pele oa ho fofonela le temoho ba shades mmala. Banna ba latsoa buds sebetsa molemo.

Boleng ba litho tsa ka hare le moelelo le analyzers

litho tsena ke tsa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa batho. Ba se na tsona, e ne e tla ba ho le thata ho iphelisa. Ke mang ea e hampe ntshetswa pele makala efe kapa efe kutloisiso e kapa semanolli life tse hlokomela ka ho ntshetsa pele le temoho ea lefatše. Ha ba Bochabela ba le sebaka. Motor mesebetsi litsebeng.