Biocoenosis - mehlala. Tlhaho le maiketsetso biocenoses

Ha ba ntse ba bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ha mong le e mong o re sebelisana bona le mefuta e fapaneng ya mehahong tlhaho. Potlakile ho sebetsa, ho hang leha e le mang, haese feela hore e ecologist litsebi kapa setsebi sa baeloji, ela hloko haholoholo ho ha e le hantle hore o ne a tšela lisekoere kapa serapeng sa boikhathollo. Hantle ke tšoaroa 'me ba feta, kahoo seo? Empa ena ke biocenosis. Mehlala ea involuntary joalo, empa sebelisana kamehla le tikoloho, e mong oa rōna a ka hopola, haeba feela ea ho thuisa. Re tla leka ho nahana ka ho qaqileng ho feta seo hantle ke biocenoses, seo ba leng sona le seo ho itšetlehile.

biocenose ke eng?

Ho fetisisa ka etsahala hore ebe, batho ba seng bakae ho hopola hore o ile a ithuta ka Sekolo sa biocenoses. Sehlopheng 7, ha ka baeloji ke taba eo e ne e nakong e fetileng, 'me ke hopola liketsahalo e fapaneng haholo. Hopola hore ka biocenosis ka. lentsoe Ho thehoa ke tshwaragano mantsoe a mabeli a Latin, "BIOS" - bophelo le "cenosis" - ke lintho tse tloaelehileng. lentsoe lena le bolela 'sete ea ho phela sebakeng se le seng, ya kokangana le ho kopana microorganisms, li-fungus, limela le liphoofolo.

setjhabneg efe kapa efe likokoana-hloko e akarelletsa dikarolo biocenosis joalo:

• microorganisms (microbiocenosis);
• limela (phytocoenosis);
• liphoofolo tse (zoocenoses).

E mong le e ea likarolo tsena phetha karolo ea bohlokoa le ka emeloa ke batho ba mefuta e sa tšoaneng. Leha ho le joalo, re lokela ho hlokomela hore phytocoenosis ke isang karolo ea lekanngwang microbiocenosis le zoocenoses.

Ha etsa khopolo ena?

Khopolo ea "biocoenosis" o ne a sisintsweng ke Jeremane hydrobiologist Mobius ho elella lekholong la lilemo la XIX, ha a ne a ithuta ka libaka le North Sea oyster phelang. Nakong ea thuto, o ile a fumana hore liphoofolo tsena a ka phela feela ha maemo a le ka tieo hlalosoa, tšoauoa ka botebo, sekhahla phallo, mocheso metsi le letsoai le metsing. Ho phaella moo, Mobius ile a bontša hore le sa oyster sebakeng sa e tšoanang leo ho ahiloeng ho ke mefuta e hantle-hlalosoa ea limela leoatleng le liphoofolo. E Thehiloe ho ya data, ka 1937, le rasaense hlahiswa mohopolo ka eona ke ha ho buuoa ka litloaelano tsa lihlopha tsa lintho tse phelang, ho phela le ba lula haufi sebakeng se le seng, ka lebaka la ho ntshetsopele ea histori ea mefuta e 'me ka nako e telele tsa tlhaho kgetho. Khopolo ea kajeno ea "biocoenosis" ea baeloji 'me ekolotsi e fetoleloa batla tsela e fapaneng.

tlhophiso

Kajeno, ho na le matšoao 'maloa tseo ka tsona ho go arologana le biocenosis. Mehlala ea tlhophiso e thehiloeng litekanyo:

• makrobiotsenoz (leoatle, lithaba, maoatle);
• mezobiotsenoz (mokhoabong moru, tšimo);
• microbiocenosis (lipalesa, e kutu khale, lekhasi).

Hape biocenoses ka classified latela tikoloho ena. Mosuoe-hlooho o ile a hlokomela se latelang mefuta e meraro:

• Marine;
• metsi a hloekileng;
• fatše.

E mong le e ba bona ba ka 'na ba arotsoe ka superordinate e, e nyenyane ea moo sehlopha. Kahoo, biocenosis metsing ka aroloa pelagic benthic le a liluloaneng tse ling. Metsi a hloekileng baahi tsa likokoana-hloko ke nōka, ke Marsh le letšeng. biocenoses tsa lefatše kenyeletsa lebōpong la leoatle le ka hare ho naha, thaba 'me subtypes thota.

The tlhophiso bonolo baahi tsa likokoana-hloko ke karohano ea bona biocenoses tlhaho le maiketsetso. Har'a ba pele ba ho khetholla se ka sehloohong ha thehoa ntle le tsusumetso e mpe ea batho, hammoho le se mahareng, e leng ba undergone phetoho e loketseng ho sephetho sa likoluoa tsa tlhaho kapa mesebetsi ea tsoelo-pele ea batho. Nahana ka ho qaqileng e khōloanyane makgetheng bona.

Natural baahi likokoana-hloko

biocenoses Natural emela mokhatlo oa libōpuoa tse phelang, bōpa ka tlhaho ka boeona. baahi tsena ke litsamaiso tsa tlhaho tse ntshetse pele, ntshetsa pele le ho mosebetsi ho ea ka tsa lona, melao ea teng. Jeremane ecologist B. Tischler tsejoa likarolo tse latelang hore khethollang lihlopha tse joalo:

1. Ho na le baahi ba likarolo prefabricated, e leng e ka sebetsa e le baemeli ba mefuta motho le mehahong kaofela.

2. Ba bang ba likarolo tse ling tsa sechaba e ka nkeloa sebaka. Mohlala, e mong mefuta e ka o qobelloang ho tsoa le ka ho feletseng nkeloa sebaka ke e 'ngoe ho ba le ditlhoko tšoanang le maemo a teng, le liphello tse na mpe bakeng sa tsamaiso ka kakaretso.

3. Ka lebaka la hore, ka lintho tse amanang le tsa mefuta e fapaneng ya biocoenosis bo fapaneng, ebe tsamaiso eohle e thehiloe supraorganismal le o teng go lekalekanyo mabotho a laela oppositely.

4. E mong le e setjhabneg tsa tlhaho e thehiloe ka molao oa tsamaiso ditirisanommogo tsa mofuta o mong oa e 'ngoe.

5. The boholo ba litsamaiso efe kapa efe supraorganismal itshetlehile lintlha kantle.

tsamaiso ea maiketsetso tsa likokoana-hloko

Biocenosis artificially a bōpa, a lula a ena le ho tsamaiswa ke batho. Professor B. G. Ioganzen hlahiswa khopolo ea ekolotsi antropotsenoza, ke hore, ea bōpileng artificially ke batho ba tsamaiso ea tlhaho, ho etsa mohlala, le boholo ba lisekoere, terrarium kapa aquarium. Har'a maiketsetso biocenosis thōko agrobiocenoses (agrocnosises) - setjhabneg bōpiloe ke monna ho hlahisa lihlahisoa leha e le efe. Tsena li akarelletsa:

• pokello;
• metjha e;
• matangoana;
• e minyelelitse mokhoabo oo;
• fula;
• tšimo bakeng sa ho hōla ea lijalo tse fapa-fapaneng;
• mabanta bolulo;
• masimong artificially mpshafatswago.

Agrocenoses makgetheng bath tse:

Tsena tsamaiso ea maiketsetso tlhaho haholo sa tsitsang, 'me e tla ba teng nako e ka etsang selemo, agrobiocenoses joang perennial tla ahlola ka lilemo tse tharo tse ntle le ho kenella ha batho agrocnosises meroho le lijo-thollo lijalo. biocenoses tsitsitseng fetisisa maiketsetso lijalo litholoana, ka ntle le hore o susumetse batho, ba tla khona ho ba teng ka lilemo tse mashome a 'maloa.

• agrophytocenosis e le motheo oa bophelo;
• ho haella ha tsamaiso ea boitšoaro;
• tlaase ho fapafapana;
• ho busa ba ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang kapa dimela lengoa;
• fumana tšehetso eketsehileng ho tswa ho motho (lehola le disenyi laola, manyolo, joalo-joalo);
• hloleha ho ba teng nako e telele ntle le ho kenella ha batho.

Leha ho le joalo, re lokela ho hlokomela hore esita le futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa ka ho mefuta e fapafapana agrocnosises li entsoe ka e mengata e mefuta e meng ea lintho tse phelang tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tlholeho le taxonomic. tšimo efe kapa efe jaloa ke monna kapa furu lijalo, - na le baahi ba fapaneng tse phelang e phelang biocenosis. Mehlala - tšimo ena ea ba rye kapa koro, moo ntle ho setso se seholo "phela" le litlama-tlama; le likokoanyana tse sa tšoaneng (bobeli tse senyang lijalo le ba khahlanong le lōna bona); le plurality ba microorganisms le invertebrates.

The diyuniti mehaho ea biosystems

Joalokaha ho boletsoe, tlhaho le maiketsetso biocenosis bopilwe dikarolo 'maloa tsitsitseng mehaho tse kang phytocoenosis, le zoocenoses microbiocenosis. Ea ka sehloohong ke phytocoenosis, eo e ka setaleng dimela sechaba. Ka lebaka fixity lona le immobility, hore e le motheo e batlang e sa khaotseng ho sebopeho tsa likokoana-hloko ea tsamaiso. Microorganisms, ho fapana le dimela, ba se khomaretse karolo efe kapa efe ya holim'a metsi 'me ho ka ho etsoa ke moea kapa metsi ka sebaka se ka toka nako e telele. Interconnection ea likarolo bontša biocenosis itšetlehile liphoofolo tse ho tloha dimela, ho tloha feela limela ka sokolla dintho inorganic ka manyolo.

A karolo ea kholo ka ho fetisisa bophelong ba sechaba leha e le tlholeho li phetha mefuta e fapaneng ya microorganisms hore tlatsetsa ho phetoho ea taba bafu manyolo ka liminerale.

Sebōpeho sa tsamaiso ea likokoana-hloko

E mong le e biocoenosis hlalosoa sebopeho tšoauoa ka:

• Tlhaloganya sebaka, paatsepama kapa tse tshekaletseng, e le ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea mefuta e sa likokoana-hloko ea sechaba sebaka le likamano hlahang ho tloha gaisana mo bakeng sa matla.
• Mefuta e hlalosoa sebopeho, esita le boleng le mefuta-futa e ea litsamaiso dikarolo tsa likokoana-hloko, hammoho le karo-karolelano ea palo ea baahi e ne e akarelletsa ho eona. Mefuta tlholeho setjhaba, le e moholo tlhamiwe boemedi, e bitsoang ka sehloohong.
• Trophic kapa lijo, e leng e laolwang ke le lipotoloho phepelo pakeng tsa lintho tse phelang.

Kaofela ha likarolo tse sa tšoaneng mehaho ea biocenoses tse haufi-ufi tla ama. E le busa, e rarahaneng ho feta tlhaloganya sebaka sebopeho e hlophisitsweng, le ruileng le tse ling tse fapa-fapaneng setšoantšo sa mefuta ea eona. Ha nako e ntse biocenosis sebopeho fapana ka e mengata e fapaneng tse nyenyane. Joalo boemong ba ho hanyetsa a lekanyelitsoeng seo se etsahala ka nako ya sebelisana ea thepa ea motheo e constituent, e bitsoang homeostasis.

Re nahana ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane motheo sebopeho bontšang biocenosis.

Sebopeho tlhaloganya sebaka

Biocoenosis na le sebopeho ka sebaka, e ka ba ka bobeli moleng o otlolohileng le tshekaletseng.

Sebopeho paatsepama thehoa ka lebaka la kabo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea limela le liphoofolo tsa maemo a sa tšoaneng bophahamong ba bio tsamaiso, eo e isa hore ho thehoe layering. Joalo tsamaiso e haholo-holo e behilweng ke longline setjhabneg dimela, e leng moo ba brennan tsa likarolo behang ho fetisisa ea limela le joalo ha tsamaiso motso le photosynthesizing seo makhasi a sona. Bakeng sa phytocenosis bath bobeli aboveground le ka tlas'a lefatse layering. The o bonahatsa pele oona ka monyetla oa ho sebedisana hōla mefuta e mengata ea limela tse nang le litlhoko tsa fapaneng ka khanya ea letsatsi le. Sena se ka ho hlaka ho fetisisa bontšitsoeng ka meru ea libaka tse futhumetseng tlelaemete, moo ho na le sefate 'me shrub ka holimo tiers, teng hanyenyane ka tlase ho lihlahla le joang,' me sebakeng se haufi hang-hang ya holim'a metsi Lefatše - the teleskopbomlift le litekanyetso, hangata nang le mosses le boriba.

Ka tlas'a lefatše layering ka mekgwa ya tsa likokoana-hloko e dumella phytocenoses tšebeliso molemo ka ho fetisisa ya mongobo mobu, ka lebaka la botebo fapaneng ea tsamaiso le motso oa limela. libakeng tse steppe e tšoauoa ka sa kabo a mararo-boemo ba: ka ho fetisisa ka ho teba bedded le tsamaiso e tlanye, lateloa ke metso ea lijo-thollo tse sa tšoaneng, 'me haufi haholo le holim'a metsi - tubers, bulbs le litsamaiso tsa motso oa dimela selemo le selemo.

Ho nahana dibopeho tse tshekaletseng biocenosis synusia - phytocenosis karolo e entsoeng ka dimela le 'ngoe kapa ho feta tsa mefuta e amanang, tikoloho kapa spatially arohane ho ba bang. Ba ka ba ba nakoana kapa ka ho sa feleng, epiphytic, bunk kapa subsurface.

Sebopeho itseng tsa baahi ba likokoana-hloko

A tšobotsi e khethehileng ea biocenosis efe kapa efe e sebopeho lona itseng. Ho rarahana le ho mefuta e fapaneng ya le sebopeho mefuta e haholo-holo e behilweng ke ba sehlekehleke sena 'me tekanyo ea ho rarahana ya maemo a eo ho eona ho biocenosis. Mehlala ea mefuta ho fapafapana thusang mafutsana - bophahamong phahameng, tundra, ea lehoatata. Biosystem le sete morui, ea mefuta e - mepopotlo ea likorale 'me meru e libakeng tsa tropike.

Mefuta e, hlaheletseng ka palo, ke mefuta e meng ea motheo 'me li bitsoa dominants. Kahoo, ka moru birch e tla be e birch, tšimo ea koro - koro. Ka biocenosis efe kapa efe ho na le mefuta e tse teng feela ka lebaka la 'muso o hlaheletseng, seo ho thoeng ke predominanty Ka mohlala, khama e undergrowth moru kapa protheine ka phaene le phaene moru.

Ho phaella moo, baahi ba likokoana-hloko ba le edificators, ke hore, mefuta phoofolo kapa semela se bopa maemo a bo hlokehang bakeng sa bophelo ho libōpuoa tse ling. Kahoo, ho etsa mohlala, ka steppe biocenosis e matla edificator e masiba.

E le hore ho hlahloba karolo e phethoang ke mefuta e ka sebopeho tsa setjhaba tsa likokoana-hloko, o ile a sebelisa litsupa thehiloeng ka lebaka ditirisanommogo, tse kang e ngata tsa lona, maqhubu a ya ketsahalo, e Shannon fapafapana index ea le mefuta e esita le boleng.