African Liphallelo le liminerale. Bopa ea liphallelo ea Afrika

Tsohle setle hopola hore Afrika ke k'honthinente chesang lefatšeng. Empa tse seng kae tseba hore Africa - ho boetse ho na le "se phahameng" sa lik'honthinenteng, joalokaha ho e na le sekhahla haholo phahameng le phahameng, ka karolelano ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle. tlisang liphallelo Afrika ke tse sa tšoaneng haholo li bile li rarahane: ho na le mokoloko oa lithaba, sehlabeng, lithoteng kgolo, a sebetsa le o nako e telele bile foqohe foqoha seretse se chesang.

Setšoantšo sa sebakeng leha e le o tsejoa ho amana haufi le ho tectonic le Geological sebōpeho sa sebaka seo. Liphallelo Afrika le k'honthinente e mehlodi ya matsoai ba boetse ba amana le ritsa ea k'honthinente e. A re hlahlobeng ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane ka taba ena.

Plan hlalosang liphallelo Afrika

ea liphallelo e bath fa k'honthinente efe kapa efe ka a rera leano la itseng. Liphallelo African e hlalositsoeng ke dikgato-tharabololo ho latelang:

1. Bath naha tectonic sebopeho.
2. Analysis ka histori ea karolo e ka holimo ea lefatše.
3. Litšobotsi tsa ka hare le kantle (exogenous le e se nang sesosa) ea liphallelo e-lintlha.
4. Tlhaloso ea litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa liphallelo k'honthinenteng e.
5. Kabo ya bophahamo lebetsoeng le le bonyane.
6. Le liminerale le sebakeng se bona ka naheng ea naha ena.

Tlaase le High Africa

Tlhaloso Africa ea liphallelo e lokela ho qala ka 'nete ea hore le k'honthinente, le ntlha orographic maikutlo, e arotsoe likarolo tse peli: ka Africa phahameng le tlaase.

Tlaase Afrika ke tse fetang 60% ea sebakeng kakaretso ea k'honthinente e (sebopeho sa naha e ka leboea, ka bophirimela le e bohareng Africa). E laoloa ke bophahamo ba limithara tse 1000. Phahameng Afrika koahela ka boroa le e ka bochabela libakeng tse ling tsa k'honthinente ea, moo ka karolelano bolelele ba limithara tse 1000-1500 holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle. Mona ho na le boetse ho na le ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa - Mount Kilimanjaro (limithara tse 5,895), Kenya le Rwenzori.

Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa utloa ho re kokololo ho African

Joale ak'u nahane ka litšobotsi tsa sehlooho tsa ea liphallelo ea Africa.

The tšobotsi ea bohlokoa ke hore naha sebaka ke a bataletseng ka nako e ngata. mekoloko Mountain sehelane moeli le ke naha feela ka boroa le e ka leboea-bophirimela. Afrika Bochabela, boholo ba batlang e le a bataletseng sebaka.

Afrika e laoloa ke liforomo joalo imolohile: sehlabeng, lithoteng, lihlabeng, sehlabeng, pinnacles, buttes le massifs ha seretse se chesang. Tabeng ena teng ka naheng ea naha eo ba neng ba ke unevenly haholo ka hare ho eona ba ka kakaretso tsamaiso di nyalantswe holim - lithoteng le lihlaba, 'me ka metshetshe - maralla le mekoloko lithaba. Tsobotsi ena e amanang le sebopeho tectonic tsa Afrika, tseo boholo ba tsona larileng ka sethaleng ea boholo-holo Precambrian le ka metshetshe lona ba lokisetsa phutha area.

Ea tsamaiso ea mocha tsohle lithaba Afrika e feela Atlas. Ka bochabela ho k'honthinente ea otlolla fetang 6000 km telele e khōlō Great Rift Valley. Libakeng tse liphoso lona thehoa foqoha seretse se chesang haholo, 'me ka likoting le thehoa letšeng tebileng haholo.

E lokela ho a ho tse thathamisitsoeng le diforomo kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa liphallelo tsa Afrika. Tsena li akarelletsa ho Atlas, ho Drakensberg le sa Cape Mountains, The Highlands Moethiopia, Highlands Tibesti le Ahaggar, ho African Plateau East.

Atlas le lithabeng

Mefuta e lithaba ea liphallelo tsa Afrika tse, e le ho se ho boletsoe, feela e ka boroa le ka leboea-bophirimela ho k'honthinente ea. E mekoloko lithaba Afrika ke Atlas.

Atlas Mountains simolohile lilemong tse limilione tse 300 tse fetileng ka lebaka la ho thulana ha Eurasian le lipoleiti tsa Afrika. Hamorao, ba ile ba tsosetsoa ho ea ba bolelele e khōlō ka lebaka la ho mekhatlo tectonic tse ileng tsa etsahala qetellong ea Paleogene. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore litšisinyeho tsa lefatše li etsahala sebakeng sena 'me hona joale.

Atlas le bopilwe ka sehloohong ea marl, a lejoe la mokoetla le majoe ha seretse se chesang ea boholo-holo. tšimong eo ruileng tšepe tšepe, hammoho le phosphorite le oli.

Ho thaba khōlō ka ho fetisisa Afrika tsamaiso e kenyeletsang mekoloko multiple lithaba haholo e tšoanang:

• Phahameng Atlas.
• Rif.
• Tel Atlas.
• Bohareng Atlas.
• Sahara Atlas.
• Anti-Atlas.

Bolelele palo yohle ya lithaba - ka 2.400 km. The elevations phahameng ka ho fetisisa li fumanoa naheng ea Morocco (Mount Toubkal, limithara tse 4165). Karolelano ea bophahamo mekoloko fapana pakeng limithara tse 2000-2500.

Drakensberg le lithabeng

tsamaiso ena lithaba karolong e ka boroa ea k'honthinente e teng ka naheng ea linaheng tse tharo - Lesotho, South Africa le Swaziland. Ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya Drakensberg Mountains - Mount Thabana Ntlenyana ka limithara tse 3482 phahameng. lithaba li thehoa lilemo tse limilione tse 360 tse fetileng, ka mehla Hercynian. Ba ile ka fumana lebitso la tšabehang bakeng sa ponahalo ea lona ka thōko le ho tse hlaha.

tšimong eo e ruileng liminerale: polatinamo, khauta, thini le mashala. Ikhetha, 'me manyolo lefatše tsa Drakensberg lithaba, moo ho na le mefuta e' maloa tloaelehile haholo. Karolo e khōlō ea thabeng massif (Drakensberg Park) ke UNESCO.

Drakensberg - moeli tlisitseng pakeng tsa Leoatle la Indian beisine le fihlang ho ka holimo ea Orange River. Ba na le sebopeho buka e ikhethang: litlhōrō tsa bona tse bataletseng, tafola, arohantsoe ke khoholeho ea mobu ka tjhelete ya.

lihlabeng Moethiopia

African Liphallelo thahasellisang ka ho makatsang tse sa tšoaneng. Mona o ka fumana lithaba tse phahameng tsa Alpine mofuta, sehlabeng maralleng, lithoteng le leholo le likoting tebileng. E mong oa ka ho fetisisa ratoa mefuta e meng ea ea liphallelo e ommeng e lihlabeng Moethiopia, ka hare ho tse teng ha feela Ethiopia empa hape 6 linaheng tse ling tsa Afrika.

Sena ke ea sebele lithaba ka bophahamo karolelano ea km 2-3 le ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa ka limithara tse 4,550 (Mount Ras Dashen). Ka lebaka la litšobotsi tse itseng tsa sebaka upland hangata ho thoeng ke "marulelong a Afrika". Ho phaella moo, "marulelo" hangata sisinya, ho na le e ntse e le e phahameng seismicity.

Highlands ho ile ha thehoa lilemo tse limilione tse 75 feela tse fetileng. Ho na le schists bonaletsang le gneisses overlain ke majoe ha seretse se chesang ho tloha holimo. Haholo bohehang bophirimela matsoapo a lihlabeng Moethiopia, matsaranka likhohlo tsa Blue Nile Nōka.

Ka hare ho Plateau le ho na le ke ba ruileng mobung ea khauta, sebabole, polatinamo, koporo le manya a tšepe. Ho phaella moo, ho ke ke e boetse e le sebaka bohlokoa temo. lihlabeng Moethiopia e nkoa e le belegetswe ea kofi, hammoho le ba bang ba mefuta e sa tsoaneng tsa koro.

foqohang seretse se chesang Kilimanjaro

foqohang seretse se chesang Sena ha se feela ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea naha (limithara tse 5895), empa e boetse e le mofuta ofe se tšoantšetsang bakeng sa eohle ea Afrika. foqohang seretse se chesang le e teng ka moeli oa linaha tse peli - Kenya le Tanzania. Le Seswahili lebitso la seretse se chesang le bolela "ea khanyang lithaba".

Kilimanjaro hlaha ka holim 'a Masai sehlabeng limithara tse 900 le bophahamo, kahoo pono ho bonahala hore seretse se chesang ke unrealistically phahameng. Bo-rasaense ba se bolela esale pele mosebetsi ha seretse se chesang nakong e tlang e haufi (ntle le mesi e kotsi ka 'nang), le hoja sa tsoa e' nile ea fumana hore seretse se chesang e limithara tse 400 ho tloha Kibo mohohlo.

Ho ea ka tšōmo ea moo, e leng thaba e foqohang seretse qhoma tse ka bang peli makholo a lilemo a fetileng. Le hoja ho se na videong bopaki ba sena. Ntlha phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Peak - pele hlōla ka 1889, Hans Meyer. Kajeno tloaela potlakang hlōla Kilimanjaro. Ka 2010, Spaniard Kilian Burgada beha rekoto lefatše ke hloa ho tlhōrōng ea foqoha seretse se chesang le ka mor'a lihora tse 5 le metsotso e 23.

Liphallelo Afrika le liminerale

Afrika - le k'honthinente ka 'nang ea tonanahali ea moruo, e tšoauoa ka mehloli e khōlō oa liminerale tse sa tšoaneng. Ho phaella moo, ho feta kapa ka tlaase ho le boreleli, hanyenyane dissected tlisang liphallelo ea tšimo e etsa hore tsoelo-pele ea indasteri le kaho ea litsela tse le ka mekhoa e meng ea puisano.

Africa ruileng lirafshoa, leo ka etsoa metallurgy le petrochemicals. Kahoo, k'honthinenteng nang le lefatseng la tsa ho phahametse feletseng tsa mehloli e akaretsang ea phosphate, thaethaniamo manya, chromite, le tantalum. Ka naha ea Afrika le bona ba na mobung e khōlō ea a mankanese a, koporo le uraniamo manya, bauxite, khauta le esita le litaemane. Ka naha, esita le emit ho thoeng ke "lebanta koporo" - lebanta la bokgoni ba phahameng matsoai, metsotso ho tloha Katanga ho Republic of the Congo (DRC). Ho phaella ho koporo sebele ba boetse ba epilwe khauta, cobalt, thini, uraniamo le oli.

Ho phaella moo, ka ho ba teng ha ka mehlodi ya ruile haholo matsoai li nkoa 'me ba likarolong tse ling tsa Afrika, e le Atlas Mountains, Afrika Leboea le Afrika Bophirimela (Guinea, karolo lona).

Kahoo o ile a tloaelana le peculiarities ea tlisang liphallelo ba k'honthinente chesang ea Lefatše. Liphallelo African e ikhetha, 'me tse fapa-fapaneng, e ka fumanoa mona ka mefuta eohle ea - mekoloko lithaba, sehlabeng le lihlaba, lihlabeng, maralla le liphula.