The aorta, makala aortic: Tlhaloso le difoto

Aorta - sejana kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa 'mele oa motho e tlisang mali ho tswa ho ventricle letšehali le ke tšimoloho ea ajoa systemic.

The aorta tsejoa maloa tsa mafapha:

• ho ea holimo (pars ascendens aortae) arohane;
• Letsoho le makala a tsa khoro aortic;
• tlaase (pars descendens aortae) lefapha, e leng, le eena, a e arotsoe likarolo thoracic le ka mpeng.

Aortic khoro le makala a sona

1. makala Truncus brachiocephalicus tsoa Sefikeng aortic ho lefufuru la ka 2nd bohale le letona. Ka pel'a hae ke brachiocephalic nepahetseng Vienna, 'me ka mor'a - the trachea. Ka mor'a hore ho tebelwa mosebetsing ea brachiocephalic kutu nyolohang le ka ho le letona, a le fa haufi le sternoclavicular nepahetseng kopanetsoeng makala a mabeli: subclavian le letona ho tloaelehile hore batho carotid mothapo letona.
2. E Tloaelehileng carotid mothapo (ka ho le letšehali) - e mong oa makala a ya khoro aortic. E le busa, lekala lena le sena ke e telele ho feta ba tloaelehileng carotid mothapo nepahetseng 20-25 millimeters. mothapo tseleng matha ka mor'a scapula, sublingual le sternoclavicular-mastoid mesifa, ka nako eo ho fihlela le thulaganyo ho parola ya vertebrae cervical. Kantle sekepe ho na le ea methapo ea kutlo vagus le jugular (hare) Vienna, ho bua leshano medially tloha metso, trachea, pharynx, larynx, thyroid le tšoelesa parathyroid. Sebaka thyroid lefufuru (e karolo e ka holimo) ka mong ea methapo ho tloaelehile hore batho carotid fana ka hare le kantle carotid methapo hore na diameters hoo e ka bang lekanang. Place pitso karohano mothapo bifurcation, ka nako ena e boetse e larileng ka intercarotid glomerulus (tšoeroe ke boroko chromaffin mele, carotid tšepe) - dibopeho anatomical le litekanyo tsa 1.5: x 2,5 limilimithara, e leng e fana ka le plurality tsa chemoreceptors le marangrang capillary. Sebakeng sa ho tebelwa mosebetsing le ka ntle la mothapo ho carotid na le katoloso e nyenyane, e bitswang carotid sinus.
3. External carotid mothapo ke e 'ngoe ea makala a mabeli a bolaeang carotid mothapo tloaelehileng. makala a ho theoha ho tloha ho qetela sebakeng se tšoeroe ke boroko ba triangolo e (e ka holimo bohale ba thyroid lefufuru). Qalong, ho e teng feela medial ho mothapo hare carotid, ebe lateral ho eona. Qalang carotid mothapo Link larileng ka tlasa mesifa sternocleidomastoid, le somnolence triangolo sebakeng - subcutaneous mesifa ka molaleng le fascia cervical (poleiti holim'a lona). Located medially tloha digastric (kamorao lona mpa) le stylohyoid, carotid (ntle) mothapo ka molala sebakeng mandibula (mull parotid tšoelesa) e arotsoe para ea makala a bolaeang: ho maxillary le mothapo ka ntle feela ya ntango. Ho feta moo, ka ntle 'nete hore lona atria carotid fana phahama' maloa tsa makala: sehlopha ka pele - ka pele, ka holimo le-lingual mothapo thyroid, kamorao sehlopha - kamorao tsebe, occipital le mothapo clavisternomastoid le fetela le ho bohareng ba mothapo nyoloha pharyngeal.

Makala a aorta thoracic

karolo ena, joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, ke karolo ea ho theoha aorta. Ho e teng ka mediastinum kamorao, le fetisa ka lenaneng la lesapo la mokokotlo. Makala a aorta thoracic tse hlahisoang lihlopha tse peli: le parietal le visceral (visceral).

makala visceral

makala Visceral tsa aorta li emeloa ke lihlopha tse latelang:

1. makala Bronchial (2-4 likotoana). Qalang ho tloha leboteng pel'a aorta a le sebakeng sa e lekala ea methapo intercostal boraro. Kena lihekeng tsa matšoafo bobeli, intrabronchial thehoa ea bohlokoa marangrang fa e bronchi, connective dinama tse nyenyane tse thehoa (foreime) ea matšoafo, le metso, ya pericardium, le methapo lijana leboteng (methapong le methapo). Ka dinama tse nyenyane tse ea matšoafo makala bronchial eaba ba etsa anastomoses le makala a tsa methapo methapo.
2. makala Esophageal (likotoana 3-4). Na ka 1.5 dyne cm, le a fedise ho marako a metso (karolo ea hae thoracic). makala ana qala ho tswa ho aorta thoracic a le sebakeng sa 4-8 thoracic vertebrae. Anastomoses thehoa le diaphragmatic e ka holimo, ka tlaase le e ka holimo thyroid, mediastinal methapo, hammoho le ho le letšehali gogoga mothapo oa pelo.
3. makala Mediastinal (mediastinal) ka ho ba le mefuta e fapaneng ya accommodation, impermanent. Hangata e tlang e le karolo ea makala pericardial. phepelo ea mali ea faeba atlehe, 'me mediastinal lisele tsa mmele nodes ka morao leboteng (ka morao) pericardium. Foromo anastomoses le makala a ka holimo.
4. makala Pericardial (likotoana 1-2), tse tšesaane le tse khutšoanyane. Aortic ea lekala theoha ho tloha ka pele lerako, pericardium krovosnabzhaya (khutlela hae). Foromo anastomoses le methapo mediastinal le esophageal.

makala parietal

1. Diaphragmatic holimo mothapo extending tsoa aortic ajoa mali o etsoa pleura le lumbar karolo ea aorta ena. United ka anastomoses le diaphragmatic tlaase, ho thoracic hare le ka tlaase methapo intercostal.
2. methapo Intercostal morao (10 lipara) Lekala theoha ho tloha leboteng aortic le morao lateloa 3-11 libaka intercostal. Ba babeli ba ho qetela fetela le tlasa khopo 12 (i.e., e subcostal) le kena anastomosis le makala lumbar ea bohlokoa. Pele le la bobeli intercostal sebaka fa le mothapo subclavian. Intercostal mothapo nepahetseng e hanyenyane ho feta le letšehali 'me u tsamaee tlasa pleura costal fihlela likhutlong, e ntse e fumaneha posteriorly tsa kamorao mediastinum, ea fetang ho pota bokaholimo pel'a lihloliloeng tsa vertebral. Ka khopo lihlooho tsa methapo intercostal tloha makala dorsal ho mesifa le letlalo la ka morao, ho thapo lesapo la mokokotlo (ho akarelletsa le selateng sa eona) le lesapo la mokokotlo. Ho tswa ho khopo dikhutloteng methapo ke pakeng tsa ka hare le kantle mesifa intercostal, a robala ka groove ka costal. The methapo ea sebaka bo8 intercostal le ka tlase ho a bua leshano tlas'a bohale fapaneng, lekala lena le ka makala a lateral ho mesifa le letlalong la 'likarolo lateral ya sefuba,' me ka mor'a ho theha anastomoses le makala intercostal anterior tsa thoracic mothapo (hare). 4-6 intercostal makala mothapo ho fa letsoele. methapo Intercostal fana mali ho sefubeng ka holimo, 'me tse tharo ka tlaase - the diaphragm le ka mpeng leboteng (ka pele). Oa boraro e le letona mothapo intercostal romella lekala hore tsoela bronchus nepahetseng, 'me ho tloha 1-5: x methapo intercostal eketsa makala hore fana ka mali ho bronchus setseng. 3-6, th intercostal mothapo fa phahama ho methapo esophageal.

makala aorta mpeng

Mpeng karolo ea aorta le - ho ntšetsa pele sefubeng eena. E qala ho tswa ho boemo ba thoracic vertebra 12, le fetisa ka aortic diaphragmatic a qalang le e qetella a le sebakeng sa 4 lumbar vertebra. Mpeng lefapha teng ka pel'a vertebrae lumbar, e nyenyane ka ho le letsehali ea mola bohare, ke retroperitoneal. Ka ho le letona la hae larileng ka sekoti (kapa tlase) ea Vienna, ka pele - ho manyeme, ho tse tshekaletseng karolo ea duodenum le tse nyenyane intestine mesenteric motso.

makala parietal

Abelwang karolo ya tse latelang makala parietal tsa aorta ka mpeng:

1. Diaphragmatic tlaase mothapo (letona le ho le letšehali) Lekala theoha ho tloha aorta mpeng mora tsoa lona ho tloha bose aortic le phrenic latela diaphragm (sefofane tlase) 'me ba nyoloha' me ho pota.
2. Lumbar methapo (4 likotoana) ho tswa ho qaleho ea aorta 4 sebakeng se haufi le ka holimo lumbar vertebrae phepelo ea mali ho holim anterolateral la mala, ho lesapo la mokokotlo thapo, 'me ka tlaase khutla.
3. Bohare mothapo sacral tloha moo 'ho tloha aorta a le sebakeng sa karohano lona ka methapo tloaelehile hore batho ba iliac (5 lumbar vertebrae) latelang karolo pelvic tsa sacrum, krovosnabzhaya coccyx, sacrum le m. iliopsoas.

makala visceral

Abelwang karolo ya tse latelang makala visceral tsa aorta ka mpeng:

1. Celiac kutu e simoloha ho tloha aorta a le sebakeng sa 12 thoracic kapa lumbar vertebrae 1, diaphragmatic pakeng tsa maoto a ka hare. E thulametse moleng bohare theoha tshebetso xiphoid (tlhōrō ea eona). Sebakeng sena oa sehlopha sa kutu manyeme celiac fana makala a mararo: setseng gastric, e amanang le sebete le mothapo splenic tloaelehileng. Truncus coeliacus e pota-potiloe ke makala a letsatsi akira theo gun 'me a koahela karolo e ka pele ea peritoneum parietal.
2. Adrenal mothapo karolelano mouoane, makala a theoha ho tloha aorta feela tlase kutu celiac le fanang ka tšoelesa adrenal.
3. Ka holimo makala mesenteric mothapo theoha aorta ka sebakeng sa 1st lumbar vertebra, kamorao ho manyeme le. Ka nako eo e ntse e feta ka duodenum (holim pele) le romela makala ho duodenum le manyeme, latelang motso pakeng tsa maqephe mesenteric nyane intestine, o fana ka makala a masesaane bakeng sa ho perfusion le mala (lehlakoreng le letona) mala.
4. methapo Renal simoloha ho tloha 1st lumbar vertebra. methapo tsena fa phahama ho methapo tlaase adrenal.
5. Popelo mothapo (otlwa makwalateng) atolosa feela tlase methapo ea renal. Fetisetsa kamorao ho peritoneum parietal, tšela ureters, 'me ka mor'a hore ho mothapo Link iliac. Ho basali ba, popelo mothapo ka ligament hore suspends ea ovary, ba romeloa ho ea methapo fallopian le mae a bomme, 'me banna ba - ka karolo e sa thapo spermatic ka kanale inguinal il'o otlwa makwalateng ena.
6. Mothapo makala tlaasana mesenteric ka boraro e ka tlaase ea e aorta mpeng a le sebakeng sa 3 lumbar vertebra. mothapo ena fanang ka mala (karolo e ka ho le letšehali).

atherosclerosis ea aorta ho

Atherosclerosis tsa aorta le makala a sona - e bolwetse e tšoauoa ka khōlo ea plaques ka lumen vascular, eo hamorao e etsa hore e narrowing tsa lumen le sebopeho sa clots mali.

Mogodisa bolwetse ke imbalance ka karo-karolelano ea likaroloana tsa lipid, ikutloeleng ho eketseha ha k'holeseterole, e leng e beha ka plaques ba aorta le makala aortic.

lintlha mpefatsang kenyeletsa ho tsuba, lefu la tsoekere, lefutso, ho se ikoetlise.

liponahatso tsa atherosclerosis

hangata ha ho, atherosclerosis le hlaha kantle matšoao a totobetseng, e leng ka lebaka la boholo ba kgolo ya aorta le (hammoho le mafapha a, makala a aorta le), ntshetsopele ya mesifa le likhoele rekere. Khōlo ea pakellanang isang overloading ba pelo, e leng se bontšang ka boeona e le ho lelemela khatello, mokhathala, palpitations pelo.

Le letotong ea ho lefu fetela le ho makala aortic khoro tlaase ho linoka le dikarolo nyolosa, ho akarelletsa le methapo eo matlafatse pelo. Tabeng ena, u e-ba matšoao a latelang: angina pectoris (sefubeng bohloko e fanoang ka lehare ka mahetla kapa letsoho, bokhutšoanyane phefumoloho), mafu tshilong ya dijo le mosebetsi liphio, khatello ea mali lawko, lipheletsong batang, molikoalikoane, ho tšoaroa ke hlooho, khafetsa fainting, bofokoli matsohong a ka.