Petroleum hloekisoa, mathomo le se mahareng sebetsa oli

oli e fractionated ho fumana oli e tala ka mekhahlelo e 'meli, i.e. oli e tala distillation le fetisa ka ho sebetsa mathomo le se mahareng.

Tshebetso ya ho hloekisoa mathomo

Ka mohato ona, distillation e etsoa dehydration pele le desalting tsa oli a sa jese litheohelang ka thepa e khethehileng bakeng sa karohano ea letsoai le litšila tse ling, e leng ho ka etsa hore ts'enyeho ea sethusathuto e le ho fokotsa boleng ba lihlahisoa tsa oli e tala. Ka mor'a moo, oli e ne e ena 3-4 feela mg, letsoai ka ho ya ka litha e le nngwe le e sa fetang 0,1% metsi. Sehlahisoa phehileng lijo tseo ke loketse bakeng sa distillation.

Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore hydrocarbons mokelikeli phehile ka mocheso fapaneng, thepa ena e sebelisoa ka oli e tala ho hloekisoa ho itšehla therefrom le dikotwana motho ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng e belang e. Distillation ea refineries oli ka pele etsa hore ho khonehe ho khetholla le dikotwana tse latelang ho latela mocheso: peterole (taba ka 180 ° C le ka tlase), sefofane sa jete mafura (taba ka 180-240 ° C) le disele (taba ka 240-350 ° C). Ho tswa ho distillation tsa oli oli e tala e ntse e.

The oli thulaganyou e e arohantsoe ke distillation a phehile thempereichara e ka dikotwana (dikarolo). Phello ke lihlahisoa tsa thepa tsa oli e tala kapa dikarolo tsa bona. Oli hloekisoa ke qalong ea sebetsa lona ka dimela e khethehileng.

Ha e chesang, mohato mouoane e thehoa, e ka bophara e fapaneng ho tloha mokelikeli ho. Petroleum dikotwana fumanoa ka distillation tse ka kakaretso ha bo hloekileng sehlahiswa le hydrocarbon motsoako. hydrocarbons motho ka khetholloa feela ke distillation a mangata ea likaroloana tsa oli e tala.

Otlolohileng distillation tsa oli a sa jese litheohelang e atlehe

- halima mouoane mokhoa (thoeng equilibrium distillation) kapa e bonolo distillation (palophatlo distillation);

- ka kapa ntle le rectification;

- sebedisa moemeli evaporating;

- tlas'a lephaka le ho khatello e sepakapakeng.

Equilibrium distillation ka tlase ho hlaka a arola oli ka dikotwana ho feta distillation bonolo. Kahoo, ka puso mouoane ka mocheso e tšoanang tabeng ea pele e re susumelletsa hore oli e fetang ka bobeli.

Palophatlo distillation tsa oli fana ka le monyetla ho fumana tuki tse fapa-fapaneng (peterole, mafura disele le mafura a sefofane sa jete), le boitsebiso bo tala (benzene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, ethylene, butadiene, propylene), solvents, le lihlahisoa tse ling.

Hlahlamang o etsoa sa bobeli oli distillation lihlahisoa fumana se tloha petsoha thoeng.

Tshebetso ya ho hloekisoa mahareng

oli mahareng hloekisoa e etsoang ke k'hemik'hale kapa mogote catalytic bokaholimo ba matsoele ya sehlahiswa hore a arohana le eona ke oli distillation mathomo. Ena e fana ka chelete e khōloanyane ea likaroloana tsa peterole, hammoho le lihlahisoa tse tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate (toluene, benzene, 'me batho ba bang). Mokhoa oa atileng ka ho fetisisa ke se mahareng ho hloekisoa ha oli ho petsoha.

Ho petsoha thulaganyou e bitswa phahameng mocheso sebetsa ea oli 'me dikotwana tse ka thōko ho fumana (boholo) lihlahisoa moo nyenyane limolek'hule boima. Tsena li akarelletsa dilenaneo oli, oli bakeng sa setlolo le m. P., thepa Tala bakeng peterolo le lik'hemik'hale liindasteri le. Tsoelo-pele ea petsoha ea etsahala ka khefu litlamo C-C le sebopeho sa radicals mahala kapa carbanions. Otlile ea C-C litlamo o etsoa ka nako le dehydrogenation e, isomerization, molekyler le condensation tsa intermediates le thepa qalang. Le thulaganyo qetellang tse peli theha masalla tletlerana, i.e. karoloana phehile ka holimo ho 350 ° C le Coke.

Oli hloekisoa ho petsoha mokhoa ile patented ka 1891 ke V. G. Shuhovym le Gavrilov S., joale ditharollo tsena boenjiniere bo pheta W. Barton ka kaho ea pele ka dimela US.

petsoha e etsoang ke futhumatsang thepa e tala kapa ho etswa ha, 'me ho pepesehela mocheso phahameng.

Petsoha dumella ho kgetha tswa mafura oli dikarolo ea bohlokoa ho feta.