Molekyler tsa propylene: temperaturdiagramm abel moralo

ke eng propylene molekyler? ke lintlha tsa tsela ea ena itsoara joang ka lik'hemik'hale eng? A re ke re leka ho fumana likarabo tse qaqileng tsa lipotso tsena.

Characterization tsa metsoako

Sekemeng molekyler liphetoho tsa ethylene le propylene bontša thepa tloaelehileng lik'hemik'hale ena ke litho tsohle tsa sehlopha sa olefins. Sena lebitso le sa tloaelehang tsa sehlopha sena e ne e le lebitso la khale le sebelisitsoe ka oli indasteri lik'hemik'hale. Ka la bo18 la lilemo lekholong la lilemo la ethylene chloride e ile a fumana, e leng e ne e le mafura mokelikeli ntho.

Har'a likarolo tsa litho tsohle tsa sehlopha sa ba hydrocarbons unsaturated aliphatic ela hloko ho ba teng ka ho bona ea tlamo e habeli.

Khōlō molekyler tsa propylene e hlalosoa ka ho ba teng ka sebōpeho sa ntho habeli tlamo e.

The moralo kakaretso

baemeli ba kaofela ha homologous series tsa alkenes akaretsang moralo o balletsweng e na le mofuta o _C-n H _2n. Lekaneng palo ea hydrogen ka tšobotsi sebopeho hlalosa thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa hydrocarbons tsena.

The abel ba itsoara joang ka tsa molekyler tsa propylene ke netefatso e tobileng ea ho monyetla joalo tsa discontinuity le puisano e sebelisa mocheso phahameng le sethothetsi.

Unsaturated khōlō bitsoa allyl kapa 2-propenyl. Hobaneng molekyler tsa propylene e atlehe? Sehlahisoa sa sebelisana ena ke ho tshwanetseng bakeng sa ho tswakana tsa rabara maiketsetso, e leng, le eena, a ka batloang ho indasteri ea kajeno lik'hemik'hale.

thepa 'meleng

Propylene molekyler The abel tiisa feela lik'hemik'hale, empa e boetse e le thepa ea 'meleng oa ntho ena. Propylene ke gaseous ntho le lintlha tse e tlase e belang e le qhibiliha. Moemeli oa sehlopha sa alkenes na hlokomolohuoang solubility tsa metsi.

thepa lik'hemik'hale

Ditekanyo propylene molekyler itsoara joang ka tsa isobutylene le bontša hore tshebetso ya ho tlamahano habeli. monomers loketse ke alkenes, 'me qetellong lihlahisoa tsa sebelisana ena ke polypropylene le polyisobutylene. Hore k'habone-k'habone kamano e haufi le sebelisana joalo e tla putlama 'me qetellong o tla etsa mehaho e loketseng.

The habeli tlamo ea sebopeho sa litlamo tse ncha le 'ngoe. Ka propylene molekyler etsahala? The mochine oa tshebetso ena e tšoana le tshebetso etsahalang litho tse ling tsohle tsa sehlopha sena sa hydrocarbons unsaturated.

The molekyler itsoara joang ka tsa propylene akarelletsa embodiments maloa dutla. Tabeng ea pele tshebetso o etsoang ho tsoa e mohato le khase. Ho ea ka mothofatso ea bobeli, ba itšoara joang o tsoela pele ka mohato mokelikeli.

Ho phaella moo, propylene le tsoela molekyler ho ba bang thulaganyou e felloe ke nako e amang tšebeliso e le mahareng itsoara joang ka tsa ba phelelang mokelikeli hydrocarbon.

theknoloji ea kajeno

Propylene molekyler ka bongata ka thekenoloji Spheripol ke motsoako oa ya slurry melena bakeng sa tlhahiso ea homopolymers. tshebetso e akarelletsa ho sebelisoa ha khase-mohato melena psevdozhidkostnym lera ho bopa le literata copolymers. Tabeng ena, ho propylene molekyler itsoara joang ho akarelletsa ho go tlaleletsa ka e eketsehileng sethusathuto etswa ha e sebeletsanang le yona, le khanna prepolymerization.

thulaganyou e Features

Lewa e ama ho kopanya metsoako e ka sesebediswa se khethehileng etselitsoeng ho ea pele ho phetoho. Ka mor'a moo, motsoako ona o eketsa ka molekyler sekgoqetsane melena, ho e fa, 'me hydrogen, le ho qeta monono propylene.

reactors mosebetsi o etsoang tsoa ka thempereichara e ho tloha 65 ho likhato 80 Celsius. Khatello tsamaisong ea ha sa feteng 40 bareng. Reactors hore ba lokisetsa letotong, li sebelisoa lifektheri etselitsoe ho proizvodnje meqolo e khōlō ea lihlahisoa polymer.

Ho tswa ho melena bobeli, polymer tharollo ile tlosoa. Molekyler tsa propylene ka tharollo e kenyeletsa ho fetiswa ha pressurized degasser. Ho na le etsoang ho tlosa particulate homopolymer tsa monomer mokelikeli.

tlhahiso ea le literata copolymers

Propylene molekyler abel CH2 = CH - CH3 boemong bona o na le molao-motheo percolation mochine, ho na le ho se tšoane feela ka maemo a tshebetso. Hammoho propylene le ethene phofo ho tswa degasser ke ka khase mohato melena sebetsa ka mocheso oa likhato tse ka bang 70 Celsius le khatello e sa feteng 15 bareng.

Block copolymers mora tloswa melena e fepa ho khethehileng ho qeta monono particulate polymer ho tloha tsamaiso monomer.

Molekyler tsa propylene le tshusumetso butadiene mefuta e itoanelang lumella tshebediso ya ea bobeli khase mohato melena. E lumella ho eketsa boemo ba propylene ka polymer ka. Ho phaella moo, ho bonolo ho eketsa additives ho sehlahisoa se felile, tšebeliso ea granulation thusa hore ho boleng ba sehlahiswa sephetho.

Khethehileng molekyler tsa alkenes

Ho na le ba bang ba phapang pakeng tsa ho etsa nhua polyethylene le polypropylene. Propylene molekyler The abel lumella ho utloisisa hore ho sebelisa a lebeletsoe mocheso ka. Ho feta moo, ba bang ba se tšoane le teng ka ho ba sethaleng ho qetela tsa ketane thulaganyong, hammoho le libakeng tsa tsa tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa tsa ho qetela.

The peroxide sebediswa bakeng sa halogenated, eo na le thepa ea khabane ka ho fetisisa rheological. Ba phahameng maemo la phallo qhibiliha, a tšoanang thepa 'meleng ho thepa tseo eo na le e tlase qhibiliha phallo-index.

Halogenated le thepa e babatsehang rheological, le sebelisitsoe ka ente thulaganyou e bōpa, 'me tabeng ea likhoele difeme.

Ho ntlafatsa ho sebeletsa pepeneneng le matla a ya thepa polymeric bahlahisi leka ho eketsa ho motsoako itšoara joang hlaka ka ho benyang additives khethehileng. Karolo ea polypropylene thepa bonaletsang butle-butle nka sebaka sa thepa e 'ngoe tšimong ea bōpa bohloko le pōpo ea betsa.

molekyler Features

Molekyler tsa propylene ka ho ba teng ha butswe k'habone o tsoela pele ka potlako. Ka hona joale sebelisoa k'habone sethothetsi rarahaneng ka tšepe phetoho, e thehiloeng adsorptive bokgoni ba k'habone. Sehlahisoa molekyler e fumana ho ba le litšobotsi tse babatsehang tshebetso.

The entsprechen ka sehloohong ea ho molekyler sebetsang sebakeng sa hae sekhahla itšoara joang le boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule le ea ho hlophisoa stereoisomeric tsa polymer ka. Boleng le o na le lintho tsa tlhaho 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale tsa sethothetsi e, molekyler mahareng, tekanyo ea ho hloka sekoli ya dikarolo oona tsamaisong itšoara joang.

Guttate polymer e fumanweng ka mohato homogeneous le heterogeneous, haeba potso ea ethylene. Lebaka le leng ke ho ba sieo ha ea regioisomers ntho. Ho fumana isotactic polypropylene, leka ho sebelisa tiileng thaethaniamo chloride le aluminium metsoako.

Ka ho sebelisa adsorbed rarahaneng ka bonaletsang thaethaniamo chloride (3), ho ka etsahala hore a fumane sehlahisoa e nang le litšobotsi tse batlang. microcyteme lekhoakhoa kamehla ha se lebaka lekaneng bakeng sa ho ba le stereospecificity phahameng tsa sethothetsi ena. Ka mohlala, tabeng ea ho khetha thaethaniamo iodide (3) ho na le e ho feta atactic polymer.

Tse ka holimo sethothetsi dikarolo di semelo Lewis, kahoo amanang le tlhopho ya mahareng ka. Tikoloho e ntle ka ho fetisisa ke ea ho sebelisa hydrocarbons inert. Kaha thaethaniamo chloride (5) ke adsorbent mafolofolo, a khetha haholo-holo aliphatic hydrocarbons. Ka propylene molekyler etsahala? Product moralo ke (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) n g. tšoanang le itsoara joang ka ho tsoela pele ka litho tse ling tsa homologous series ka boeona e itsoara joang-tharabololo ena.

sebelisana lik'hemik'hale

Hlahloba dikgetho tsa motheo bakeng sa ho sebelisana propylene. Ho nahana hore ka sebopeho lona o na le kamano e habeli, le itšoare ka ka sehloohong la hlaha ka ho toba le timetsoa ha eona.

halogenation e phethahatsoa ka mocheso ambient. Ka sebaka sa e rarahaneng lekhalo le puisano e le hlaha unimpeded kamohelo halogen. Ho thehoa digalogenproizvodnoe komponeng Ka lebaka la sebelisana ena. The ntho e thata ka ho fetisisa e etsahalang iodization. Bromination le chlorination tsoela ntle le maemo a leha e le efe eketsehileng le ditjeho matla. Fluorination tsa propylene o tsoela pele explosively.

The hydrogenation itsoara joang ho akarelletsa le tšebeliso ea e accelerator eketsehileng. The sethothetsi sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le polatinamo, nikele. Ka lebaka la sebelisana lik'hemik'hale tsa propylene le hydrogen, Propane ile generated - moemeli oa sehlopha sa hydrocarbons phelelang.

Hydration (mabapi metsi) e etsoang ke VV Markovnikov puso ea. mozindo lona le bopilwe ka ikopanya le maqhama habeli ho athomo hydrogen tsa carbon tsa propylene eo e na le palo e lona lebetsoeng le. Moo halogen o khomaretse C, e leng e na le nomoro ya bonyane la hydrogen.

Bakeng sa propylene tloaelehileng combustion e moeeng oksijene. Ka lebaka la sebelisana ena tla fumana lihlahisoa mabeli a maholo: carbon dioxide, mouoane metsing.

Ha ketso ea oxidants lik'hemik'hale matla tse kang permanganate potassium, ho ke ke ho lemohiloeng discoloration. Har'a sehlahisoa ba itšoara joang ke dihydric joala (glycol).

Ba lokisetsa ho ea propylene

mekhoa tsohle di ka arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse ka sehloohong: laboratoring, liindasteri. Ka laboratoring ka fumana propylene le ho felisoa ha sulphonate hydrogen ho tswa ho a simolla haloalkyl ha a pepesa ho tharollo e joala ba hydroxide sodium.

Propylene e hlahisoang ke catalytic hydrogenation tsa propyne. ntho tlas'a maemo laboratori ea ka ka fumanoa ka dehydration ba propanol-1. itsoara joang ka lik'hemik'hale ena e sebelisoa e le sethothetsi ea phosphoric kapa acid e sulfuric, oxide e aluminium.

Mokhoa oa ho fumana propylene ka bongata? Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore lintho tsa tlhaho ea lik'hemik'hale e sa tloaelehang, ho se e ntshetswa pele embodiments liindasteri lona rasiti. The atileng ka ho fetisisa ke tlhopho ya alkene tloha lihlahisoa tsa oli e tala.

Ka mohlala, ka oli jese litheohelang ho petsoha ka khethehileng fluidized bethe. Propylene e fumanoa ka ho pyrolysis peterole karoloana. Jwale alkene le ka thōko ho tloha khase amanang, gaseous lihlahisoa tsa coking mashala.

Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ya dikgetho tsa propylene pyrolysis:

• ka sebopi tube,;
• ka melena ho sebelisa quartz setsidifatsi;
• Yakobson mosebetsing;
• autothermal pyrolysis tsa Bartlomiej mokhoa.

Har'a litšila liindasteri lokela ho hlokomela theknoloji e le catalytic dehydrogenation tsa hydrocarbons phelelang.

kopo

Propylene na le mefuta e fapaneng ya dikopo, 'me ka hona se hlahisitseng ka tekanyo e khōlō indastering. ponahalo ea hae le hydrocarbon unsaturated e tlangwa sebetsa Natta. Lilemong tsa bo-bohareng ba bo-mashome a mabeli ho sebelisa Ziegler, ntshetswa pele molekyler theknoloji.

Natta isotactic laola ho fumana e le sehlahisoa eo e ile ea bitsoang bona isotactic, ho tloha sebopeho sa lihlopha tse methylene ba lokisetsa ka lehlakoreng le leng la ketane ena. Ka mothofatso ena, "ambalaji" ea limolek'hule le polymer, ho sephetho le lintho tse bonahalang polymeric o babatsehang litšobotsi tse phetha molao feela. Polypropylene e sebediswa bakeng sa tlhahisong ea likhole tse iketselitsoeng, ka o ile a bolela ka ho le boima polasetiki.

Hoo e ka bang liphesente tse leshome tsa oli chesa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea oxide e propylene lona. Ho fihlela bohareng ba lekholo tse fetileng, boitsebiso bona manyolo ile fumanoa ka mokhoa chlorohydrin. Ba itšoara joang o tsoela pele ka ho sebopeho sa propilenhlorgidrina lipakeng. Ka theknoloji ena e na le haelloang teng itseng tse amanang le ho sebelisoa ha chloride theko e phahameng le hydrated kalaka.

Matsatsing ana chalcone thulaganyou e e nkeloa sebaka theknoloji e. E thehiloe ka sebelisana lik'hemik'hale tsa propene le hydroperoxides. oxide e Propylene le sebelisitsoe ka tswakana propilengligolya il'o proizvodnje kettle foams. Ba li nkoa makala babatsehang 'me le monya thepa, kahoo ea ho bōptjoa ha ambalaji, limmete, thepa ea ka tlung, mocheso li sireletsang serameng thepa, sephalli le mecha ea phatlalatso sorbent filthara.

Ho feta moo, har'a dikopo tse khōlō tsa propylene hlokahala a letho ka tswakana tsa monohalogen acetone le isopropyl joala. Isopropyl joala, ke ho ba solvent babatsehang, ho nkoa e le tsa bohlokoa lihlahisoa lik'hemik'hale. Mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli, sehlahisoa manyolo e fumanoa ka mokhoa sulfuric acid e.

Ho feta moo, theknoloji ea hydration e tobileng ea propene ho selelekela ka itšoara joang motsoako etswa ha asiti. Ka bang halofo ea tsohle propanol hlahiswa tsoela ka monohalogen acetone tswakana. itšoara joang Sena se akarelletsa ho felisoa ha hydrogen e etsoa ka 380 likhato Celsius. Etswa ha ka tshebetso ena ke zinki le koporo.

Har'a mafapha le ea bohlokoa ea ho sebelisa propylene hydroformylation ae phethang sebaka khethehileng. Prop eang ho hlahisa aldehydes. Oksisintez naheng ya rona o ile a qala ho sebelisoa ho tloha bohareng ba lekholo tse fetileng. Hona joale, itsoara joang ka sena phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho indasteri e peterolo. The lik'hemik'hale itsoara joang ka tsa propylene le khase tswakana (a motsoako oa carbon monoxide le hydrogen) ka mocheso oa likhato tse ka bang 180, ho cobalt oxide e sethothetsi le khatello ea 250 atmospheres e hlokometse sebopeho sa aldehydes tse peli. E mong o na le mohaho o tloaelehileng, bobeli - kobehileng k'habone ketane.

Hang-hang ka mor'a hore ho sibolloa ha sena, ho ke ke ikutloa ka tsela ena e ba a bua haholo ka ho etsa lipatlisiso bakeng sa bo-rasaense ba bangata. Ba ile ba batla litsela tsa ho fokotsa maemo a ya ketsahalo ea eona, o ile a leka ho fokotsa peresente ya motsoako sephetho sa aldehyde sebopeho se makala a.

Bakeng sa morero ona ho ne ho qaptjoa dithulaganyo litšenyehelo tse amang tšebeliso ea etswa ha tse ling. Ho ne ho ka khoneha ho fokotsa mocheso, khatello, eketsa ka lihlahisoa ya guttate sebopeho aldehyde.

Esters ea acid e lesela la acrylic tseo hape li amahanngoa le molekyler tsa propylene e sebediswa e le copolymers ena. About 15 etsang liphesente tse ka propene peterolo e sebediswa e le lintho tse bonahalang ho qala ho bōpa akrionitrila. The karolo manyolo hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bohlokoa lik'hemik'hale faeba - nitrone, bōptjoa dipolasetiki, tlhahiso rabara.

bofello

Polypropylene ho nkoa hona joale e kholo ka ho fetisisa tlhahiso ea peterolo. Tlhokeho ya boleng bo phahameng le e tlase-theko polymer eketseha, kahoo e butle-butle ho fetola nhua polyethylene. Ke ba bohlokoa haholo ho theha tenyetseheng ambalaji, lipoleiti, lifilimi, likarolo likoloi, pampiri maiketsetso, thapo, likotoana k'hapete, hammoho le ho etsa mefuta e fapaneng ya disebediswa lelapa. Mathoasong a mashome a mabeli-lekhetlo la pele ho hlahisoeng lekholong la lilemo la polypropylene palo ea bobeli ho indasteri e polymer. E nahane ka litlhoko tsa liindasteri tse sa tšoaneng, re ka etsa qeto ea hore nakong e tlang e haufi le tšekamelo ea tlhahiso khōlō ea propylene le ethylene.