Lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng (2014). Lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa oli

Indasteri ea oli ke lekala le ka sehloohong la lefapha le matla le mafura a lefatše. Ha e ama feela kamano ea machaba ea moruo, empa hangata e baka likhohlano tsa sesole. Sehlooho sena se fana ka lintlha tsa lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa lefapha tse hlahisang lihlahisoa tsa oli.

Tlhaloso ea Lintlha

Ha ho bokelloa tekanyo ea oli, litsebi li hlahloba lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa ka litekanyetso tsa motheo:

• Libuka tsa lihlahisoa tse tala;
• Mehloli e fumanehang;
• Ho sebetsa ka matla;
• Liphello tsa mesebetsi ea lichelete ea k'hamphani ea oli;
• Mefuta ea thekiso ea oli le lihlahisoa tsa eona.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore liphetho tsa litekanyetso tsohle tse tsejoang li ka fapana. Sena se bakoa ke tšebeliso ea mekhoa e fapaneng nakong ea tlhahlobo. Ka mohlala, litekanyo tsa Energy Intelligence li thehiloe motheong oa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa tlhahiso (tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa, mekhoa ea ho hlahisa le ea ho rekisa), le litšobotsi tsa lichelete li hlolohetsoe. Re tla hlahloba lenane la lik'hamphani tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa oli, tse qalileng ho etsoa ke Forbes.

Palo ea linatla tsa oli ho ea ka Forbes

Forbes e fana ka lethathamo la eona, e leng lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa oli ka 2014. Lenane lena le kenyelletsa lik'hamphani tse 25 tse hlahisang oli e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. A re lule re nahana ka lihlopha tse matla ka ho fetisisa tsa tekanyo ena.

Saudi Aramco

Saudi Arabia e nkoa e le moeta-pele oa lefatše lefapheng la oli. Saudi Aramco Corporation ke eona naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea mokhatlo oa matla a matla. E na le marang-rang a mehaho ea ho sebetsa, e tsamaisa oli. Saudi Aramco e na le likepe tse kholo ka ho fetisisa le tse ncha ka ho fetisisa tsa batsamaisi ba mehleng ea khale hoo esita le lik'hamphani tse khōlō ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng li ke keng tsa bapisoa.

Ho ea ka litekanyetso, mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng ka 2014 o hlahisitse oli ka mefuta e kholo ka ho fetisisa - lipalo tse fetang limilione tse 12 ka letsatsi. Ho na le oli e ngata naheng eo e hlahisang lithoteng tsa Puso ea Bochabela. Khamphani e boetse e na le liliba metsing a Leoatle le Lefubelu le Persia Gulf.

Matsatsing ana, ofisi e kholo ea k'hamphani e nka karolo ea 99 lekholong ea mehloli ea khauta ea khauta e Saudi Arabia, e leng li-reserve tsa oli tse pakoang ke lefatše.

Gazprom Neft Company

Khoebo ena ke k'hamphani e matla ea oli Russia. Khampani e ntse e hlahloba libaka tsa thepa e tala, tlhahiso le thekiso ea oli le khase, hammoho le tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa peterole. Makala a k'hamphani a sebetsa libakeng tsohle tsa oli le khase tsa naha. Lik'hamphani tse ka sehloohong tsa ho sebetsa li fumaneha libakeng tsa Yaroslavl, Omsk le Moscow. Ho feta moo, Gazprom Neft e atleha ho sebelisa merero ea tlhahiso ea oli Venezuela, Iraq le linaheng tse ling. Lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng li fana ka likonteraka tsa Russia tsa tšebelisano le indasteri ea oli.

Gazprom Neft Group e na le likarolo tse 80 tsa mehaho ea Russia le linaheng tse ling. Ka lebaka la mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho rekisa, khamphani e rekisa oli e ngata marakeng a lehae le linaheng tse ling. Gazprom-Neft e na le li-gas station tse fetang 1 700 sebakeng sa Russia, CIS le Europe.

Ho ea ka likhakanyo tsa Forbes, Gazprom Neft e ile ea nka boemo ba bobeli boemong ba "Lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa oli tsa 2014" ka boholo ba liranta tse limilione tse 9.7 ka letsatsi.

Khampani ea Iranian Oil Company

Ho hlahisoa ha oli Iran ho ile ha qala ka 1908. Lilemong tse 40 hamorao, Lekala la Oli la Iran le thehiloe Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Mofuta oa Iranian (NIOC), eo lipakane tsa bona li neng li le ho fumana oli le ho hohela motse-moholo. Ka nako eo, khauta e ntšo e ne e nkile sebaka sa bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele ea moruo ea naha, kahoo ho tlosoa ha khauta e ntšo ho ile ha fuoa boemo ba thepa eohle ea naha 'me bo fetiselitsoe ho laola puso e feletseng.

Hona joale k'hamphani e kenyelletsoa ka khase le oli, lipalangoang tsa tsona le ho romela thepa. Khampani e fana haholo ka lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa le lihlahisoa tsa thepa ka hare ho naha, 'me e rekisa ho hongata hohle ho latela tumellano ea "OPEC".

NIOC e nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea likhoebo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. E na le li-1/10 tsa libaka tsa oli tsa lefatše. Khampani e na le libaka tse nang le oli le khase Iran, Azerbaijan le North Sea. Mesebetsi ea NIOC e mengata haholo: likarohano li kopanngoa le ho hlahloba, ho cheka, ho tlatsoa, ho sebetsana le ho tsamaisa thepa. Khampani e na le liphallelo tse 21, tse peli tsa tsona ke tsona tse kholo ka ho fetisisa.

Ho ea ka maemo a "NIOC e kholo ka ho fetisisa lik'hamphani-2014" ke karolo ea boraro le tekanyo ea tlhahiso ea oli ea libare tse limilione tse 6.4 ka letsatsi. Iran ke ea baeta-pele ba oli ba lefats'e, empa ka lebaka la ho kenngoa ha linyeoe tsa machaba khahlanong le eona, k'hamphani e ile ea qobelloa ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea khauta e ntšo.

ExxonMobil

ExxonMobil e qalile ts'ebetso ka motheo oa Standard Oil Trust, e thehiloeng ke ramabilione oa Amerika John Rockefeller ka 1882. Mokhatlo o tsejoang kajeno o bōpiloe qetellong ea lekholo la XX la lilemo la lilemo ka lebaka la ho kopana ha lihlahisoa tse peli Exxon le Mobil tlas'a moo likoloi tsa oli le lisebelisoa li hlahisoang hona joale.

Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa oli o kentse letsoho molemong oa ho ntlafatsa masimo a macha a oli, mocheso oa oona, lipalangoang le thekiso. ExxonMobil e boetse e hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa oli ea oli: mafura, polyethylene, polypropylene le aromatics. Khampani e kenya letsoho likamanong tsa machaba tsa moruo mme e sebelisana le linaha tse 47.

Khampani ea oli ExxonMobil ke mokhatlo o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa machaba oa matla. E nkoa e le moetapele oa maemo a lik'hamphani tse atlehileng le tse theko e boima, tse kenyeletsang lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Bohlokoa ba marang-rang ba ExxonMobil ke liranta tse fetang limilione tse 400 tsa US. Ho ea ka lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa tlhahiso ea oli (lirareng tse ka bang limilione tse 5 ka letsatsi), mokhatlo o nka karolo ea bone ka tekanyo ea machaba.

PetroChina

PetroChina ke mokhatlo o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa oli oa Chaena. Lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa lefatše li phehisana le eona bakeng sa boleng ba likarolo. Matšeliso a PetroChina a rekisoa New York le Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Ka mor'a khang ea likarolo Shanghai, khampani ea k'hamphani ea oli e tharo ka makhetlo a mararo, e fihlella chelete e kholo ea lidolara tse libilione tsa US.

Ho phaella tlhahiso ea oli le ho hloekisa, PetroChina e etsa lipatlisiso ka lichelete tsa lichelete, ho hloekisa lik'hemik'hale, tlhahiso ea lipeipi le thekiso. Ho ea ka Forbes, khampani e ile ea nka boemo ba bohlano boemong ba lik'hamphani tsa lefats'e tsa oli ka tekanyo ea tlhahiso ea libare tse limilione tse 4.4 ka letsatsi.

Litlhahiso tsa tlhahiso ea oli

Liholohali tsa oli tsa lefats'e li rera ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ho ntša khauta e ntšo ka lebaka la ho oa ka potlako theko ea oli lehlabula la 2014. Ka lebaka la boemo bona marakeng, phaello ea lik'hamphani e fokotsehile haholo. Le hoja ExxonMobil, Saudi Aramco, PetroChina le lik'hamphani tse ling tse kholo tsa oli li fumane phaello e kholo, tse ling tsa tsona li ile tsa etsa qeto ea ho khaotsa ho atolosoa ha mesebetsi le ho koala litaelo tse fokolang. Ho ea ka The Wall Street Journal, sena se bakoa ke litšenyehelo tse ntseng li eketseha tsa tlhahiso ea khase le oli. Ka mohlala, phaello ea ExxonMobil ea 2014 e ne e le 26%, e leng 9% ho feta lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng.

Liphetoho tse khōlō marakeng oa oli li ile tsa baka kotsi Koung ea Mexico, e leng se ileng sa fella ka hore ho tlalehoe hore ho na le khauta e khōlō ea khauta. K'hamphani ea Brithani British Petroleum, e neng e e-na le eona ea tlhahiso, e ile ea tlameha ho rekisa boholo ba thepa ea eona.

Ho fokotseha ho joalo liketsong ha ho hlokomeloe feela lik'hamphaning tse khōlō tsa oli. Phetoho ea theko ea oli e ile ea ama khoebo eohle ea lefatše.

Ho sa tsotellehe mokhoa ona, lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng li lebeletse liphetoho tse ntle indastering ea oli le keketseho ea ho ntšetsa lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho tsa tlhaho nakong e tlang.