Histori ea khalase qaphalletsoa Russia le lefatšeng. Tsebo ea ho etsa silafalitsoeng khalase

Lentsoe "qaphalletsoa khalase" e fetoletsoe ho tloha Latin e le "khalase". O nkoa e mong oa mefuta e ngata e hloekisitsoeng le khethehileng oa bonono, e nang le histori le tshebetso dithekeniki lona. A histori e khutšoanyane ea tšimoloho ea khalase qaphalletsoa tla bolella babali ba ka sehloohong seo.

Semelo sa khalase silafalitsoeng

Mosuoe, bolella pale ea silafalitsoeng khalase bakeng sa bana ka tlelaseng, qala ka ho ba le motso lisosa tsa simolohile. Ho hlaha ha le tsoelo-pele ea pele e amanang le li sibolotseng tse ngata. E ne e ka nako eo, 'me ba qala ho hlahisa khalase. Ha nako e ntse, ke ile ka ithuta ho etsa hore e mebala-bala 'me a sebelisa ho khabisa beha dintho tse sa tšoaneng. E mong le e setso ne ho khetheha ea eona tšebeliso ea likhalase tse joalo:

• Sumerians khabileng marulelong a litempele tsa bona.
• Baegepeta ke le spiral leqeba khalase entse therefrom lijana mala.
• Baroma le Bagerike ba ne ba ditsebi ka tlhahiso ea mepotjoana sa khale le linoelo le lijaneng tse betliloeng le khabisitsoeng le 'me lotho ea ho roala mabenyane a.

Lintho tse sibolotsoeng tsena tsohle intša khutlela qalong ea bobeli sa likete tse tharo BC. Ke feela ka mor'a lilemo tse sekete tsa Basyria ba ithutile ho letsa khalase, 'me sena se ile sa hlahisa historing ea ntshetsopeleng silafalitsoeng khalase.

Ponahalo ea pele khalase silafalitsoeng

Historing ea ponahalo ea khalase qaphalletsoa sa tšoaea ho letsatsi hantle. Empa rea tseba hore ho mehla ea Bokreste e ile ea fetoha ea pele ea ho sebelisa khalase 'mala bakeng sa tlhahisong ea litšoantšo e bonolo. E le putty o palame boto kapa lifensetere tse khabisitsoeng. Le le qaleha tsa litempele pele ea ho hōla bona amohetse Byzantium silafalitsoeng khalase. lithothokiso Laudatory le litlhaloso tsa o hlophisitsoeng khalase ne liroki ratoang tsa lekholong la lilemo la bone kapa bohlano. Ka nako eo, qaphalletsoa khalase khomaretse bohlokoa e tsoang ho Molimo, 'me leseli le fetang ba ile bapisoa le moea o halalelang.

History of ntshetsopeleng

Ka bomalimabe, mehleng ea rōna 'me ha ua fihla leshome lekholong la lilemo la qaphalletsoa khalase lifensetere holim'a boemo lohle. Ba ile ba ka ahloloa ho tloha lingoathoana tse setseng le lirekoto tsa liroki. Empa nakong e tlang ea mofuta ona e bonono e se e ho pharaletseng jala le ntshetsopele ya dinaheng tsohle. A re hlahlobeng pale ea tšimoloho ea qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere, phetoho mekhoa le theknoloji le leng le le mehla.

Romanesque silafalitsoeng khalase

Pale ea ka khalase qaphalletsoa e re bolella hore ho ratana hlaha lekholong la leshome le motso o le ntse ne tshwanelanang lekholo la lilemo. Ba ile ba ea pele khale qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere, eo ho eona setšoantšo ho ile ha thehoa ho tswa ho likotoana tsa khalase 'mala le profil tsa tšepe le.

Features Romanesque silafalitsoeng khalase:

• ka khona bona hore hase bohle ba theko ea phahameng, kaha qhibiliha le khalase letsoa mokhoa ne ho le thata haholo le nako timetsang;
• ho ne ho ba bang ba beng ka phumantsho ya maqephe a masesaane khalase le ditsebi ho dipaterone, ho toba kotokaka hore e ile ea eketseha le boleng ba Romanesque qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere;
• bakeng sa ho hlahisa phanele ea se nang molekane o ile a nka tse fetang lekholo likotoana fapaneng mong le ho ba le sebopeho le mmala;
• silafalitsoeng khalase ea nako ena ba tšoauoa ka likoli tse kang bataoloa, lekane, abrasions, empa seo ha se senya ponahalo ea bona, le ho etsa hore ba e khethehileng le ea ratehang ka tsela ea habo eona.

Mechine ho etsa thepa Romanesque silafalitsoeng khalase:

• ho qala mong'a nka holim'a lehong, 'me palo hae boletsoeng tsoileng matsoho ea hae nakong e tlang;
• ebe e mong le e elements tsa paterone khethiloeng-slide (sebopeho le boholo);
• likhechana ne sebelisoa ho mofuta lakatsa ea penta pente mora lelekoa ka sebōpi ho kopanya mohlala;
• mosaicking hlahile ka setšoantšo kaofela ka ho sebelisa casements moqotetsane tsa etella pele;
• e le lifensetere ka matsatsi ao e ne e kholo (ka bang tse tšeletseng limithara tse), bakeng sa matla haholoanyane le botsitso ba ya sebopeho kholoanyane comprised tsa diphanele 'maloa tse nyenyane tse.

E tsoileng ea mehla Romanesque:

• Kreste hlooho ea Veyssemburgskogo Abbey Alsace;
• ka sebopeho oa baprofeta ba bane Testamente ea Khale ka Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Nyolohela ea Kreste" e Augsburg Cathedral;
• "The thakhisoa le Tsoho" ka lifensetere tsa kerekeng e khōlō ka ho Poitiers;
• tharo qaphalletsoa-khalase fensetere ea Boraro-bo-Halalelang ka kerekeng e khōlō ka ho Chartres.

Gothic silafalitsoeng khalase

Histori ea khalase qaphalletsoa (Gothic) e na le tšimoloho ea eona 1144. Abbot Sergiase nakong ea kaho ea kereke ka Saint-Denis, a tletse 'maloa medallions paatsepama fensetere. Phapang ka sehloohong ho tloha setaele Romanesque ya sebopeho ne e le hantle hore ka mong le e medallion senola motsotso bohlokoa historing.

Features ya Gothic qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere:

• ka cathedrals o ile a qala ho eketsa palo ea lifensetere ho ngodiso bona ka mokhoa Gothic;
• mehaho ena e ka potlako e ile ea ratoa 'me a ntshetswa pele Engelane le Fora;
• silafalitsoeng khalase lekhetlo la ho qetela o ile a fana ka tempeleng ea botšo, amanang le bobe, 'me ka nako e tšoanang ea lintho tsa moea haholo, kenyeleditsweng ka ngata ba leseli; karo-karolelano ena o ne a phethahetse 'me ba isoa le moelelo o mohlolo;
• mebala qetellong ba phelelang ho le lefubedu le le e putsoa ba butle-butle nkeloa sebaka ke bobebe, ho e neng e tšoaretsoe ka hare ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang khanya;
• fetohile le mefuta ya openings fensetere;
• France qapa mokhoa o mocha oa tlhakiso - grisaille, eo hantle itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore leseli, tlale thabo silafalitsoeng khalase kenngoa ka lefifi libakeng bulky, lumella ba bonesa; ka mor'a nako, palo ea mekhoa ea setaele ena ea e-ba le ho feta.

Ka ho fetisisa tummeng silafalitsoeng khalase lifensetere, entsoe ka mokhoa khale Gothic, teng ka kerekeng e khōlō ka ho Chartres. Hore e ke ho le bonolo ho trace tumellano pakeng tsa lifensetere le hlomphehang, mehaho soaba le ka hare ya kgopolo ya sebaka. Ho phalla ea palo e khōlō ea mahlaseli a lefifing, le lefifi fana le phello e hlollang le e hlollang - ena ke botle ba Gothic. Hape le ka kerekeng e khōlō ho na le peculiarity eo hamorao hasana ho pholletsa le lefatše - e fensetere ka Latin paterone ke sefapano. Ba ile ba ntlhalosetsa bophelo ba Virgin. Le ka lifensetere, sockets hlalosa Kreste le Moroetsana Maria.

Silafalitsoeng khalase lifensetere tsa Renaissance

A leqhubu le lecha la setso, ho akarelletsa le meralo, halefile liketsahalo tse joalo e tšabehang ka ntoa le mafu a seoa. Lekholong la le metso e mehlano, batho ba khaolitse ho beha kereke le sebaka sa pele 'me a tsoela ka tsela ea lefatše ea bophelo. E haholo susumetsoa ke tsoelo-pele ho eketsehileng khalase silafalitsoeng.

Features qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere tsa Renaissance:

• e mengata ea mekhoa e ntlafetseng ya sebetsa le khalase;
• e ile haholo qaptjoa letheba silevera, haholo eketsehileng boemo ba litšoantšo generated;
• mebala le e sebelisoa ka ho toba ho khalase, hoa khoneha ho fumana mefuta e fapaneng ya shades e sa tloaelehang;
• litšoantšo sheba eketsehileng voluminous le khanyang;
• France le Italy ke litsi ka sehloohong bakeng sa ho hlahisa qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere;
• ka medallions tloaeleha, ha di emetse disentimitara fetang mashome a mararo, li fetohile letšoao la ho mehla ea.

Mehlala ea Renaissance qaphalletsoa:

• fensetere Florence Cathedral ke beng ba Mataliana;
• lifensetere baitlami ka Kenigsfeldene;
• silafalitsoeng-khalase lifensetere ka ntlo ea thapelo Besserer ka Ulm Minster.

Silafalitsoeng High Renaissance

Ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-ea leshome le metso e ts'eletseng silafalitsoeng khalase mong'a hlahisoang ke sekemeng classic ho fihlela ho ne ho benghali ba kang Raphael, Leonardo kithe Vinci, Michelangelo. Ba ne ba le tšusumetso e matla ka setso lefatše, ho akarelletsa le histori ea bonono ea qaphalletsoa khalase Russia.

Features qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere tsa High Renaissance:

• kaha boholo ba beng ba khalase qaphalletsoa ne Mataliana, 'me ba ile ba fetoha ba bangodi ba mekhoa e mecha;
• tsebo ea ho epoch ho kopantswe le baanelwa ea thepa ea motheo e European ea mokhabiso le mefuta bulky;
• Ho ile ntshetswa pele le lecha mechine khalase e lokisa, etsa hore e sebeletsang pepeneneng ho feta le e hlakileng;
• ho phaella ho ba le silevera, 'me o ile a qapa le etchant khubelu;
• Master o ile a qala ho khetha 'mala sekemeng,' me u se ke ua sotha diforomo le litšoantšo tsa sensuality;
• openings ka lifensetere o ahlame le ho feta 'me o fihla boholo tonanahali.

Mohlala oa qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere tsa High Renaissance:

• "Sefate sa Jese" ka Beauvais;
• lifensetere e khōlō ea Cathedral of Brussels;
• "Lelekoa ha Heliodorus tswa Temple" ka kerekeng e khōlō ka ho Gouda.

Lilemong tsa bo-ea leshome le metso e ts'eletseng e nkoa e le ea ho qetela ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa khalase silafalitsoeng Mehleng e Bohareng. Ho feta moo, tlhahisong ea khalase thekenoloji le kotokaka dipaterone ho fetohile hatela pele ka potlako haholo. Lilemong tsa bo-mashome a mabeli ba ne ba le tšusumetso e matla ka mekhoa ea ho qapa qaphalletsoa.

History of ponahalo ea khalase silafalitsoeng Russia

Russia qaphalletsoa khalase ha a eo ho fihlela lekholong la ea leshome le metso e robong. Feela batho ba ruileng ka thabela ho tlisa ho tloha e tsoileng naheng e 'ngoe. The ntho e hore likereke tsa moo le cathedrals ha kenyelleditswe silafalitsoeng khalase, le setso ka kakaretso ha ba hloka foromo ena ea bonono. Ba hlaha 'me hang-hang e ile ea ratoa ka mesebetsi ea beng ba European.

Histori ea silafalitsoeng khalase ka Russia:

• XVII lekholong la lilemo la - ponahalo ea pele ea khalase silafalitsoeng;
• lekholong la lilemo la XVIII - the stagnation ka ntshetsopele ya bao e seng le dipoelo;
• tloha ea lekholong la lilemo la XIX - the kenella ka hare butle-butle litšoantšo entsoe ka khalase 'mala, ka setso sa Russia;
• bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-XIX - tshebediso mafolofolo tsa khalase qaphalletsoa; Moemphera le batho ba bang ba ruileng ba ile ba feshene European 'me ba qala ho li sebelisa ho khabisa estates bona; li neng li qaphalletsoa le likereke;
• Qetellong ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX - haha lithupelo tse ngata ka tsebo bonono, hammoho le ho penta le sekolong litlelase;
• le halofo e qalang ea XX lekholong la lilemo la - qaphalletsoa khalase bonono o ile a qala ho fokotseha ka lebaka la ho pheliso ea Art Nouveau, 'me hamorao ka lebaka la ho qhoma ha ntoa ea bobeli ea World;
• bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-XX - silafalitsoeng khalase tsosolosoa ha setso Union, e tla ba le sehlahisoa ikhethang, e fapaneng ho tloha metako pejana ke originality lona le ambiguity.

Famous Russia silafalitsoeng khalase lifensetere:

• silafalitsoeng khalase mokhabiso oa St. Alexander Nevsky kereke;
• Chapel ka Tsarskoye Selo;
• Russia Society libaka St. Petersburg;
• "Nyolohela ea Kreste" St. Isaac o Cathedral.

Silafalitsoeng Glass: Nakong e Fetileng le Kajeno

Kaha ba nka lehlakoreng le histori ea mefuta qaphalletsoa ka eras fapaneng, ke ne ke tloaetse ho retelehela ho bonono mehleng ena. Silafalitsoeng khalase lifensetere nako ea rōna ho na le e le hore ba fa kamore e glamour khethehileng le setaele. A ngata ea mekhoa khalase etsa, ntshetsopele ya moralo le feshene fetohile linako senotlolo sa ho hlaha ha mefuta e mocha oa bonono.

Mefuta ea kajeno ea khalase silafalitsoeng:

• Sandblast qaphalletsoa - khalase sebopeho, entsweng ho ya ka ka mokhoa qhomisa le amanang mamelwang tloaelehile hore batho ba le sehlooho. Entsoeng holim'a kaofela, hangata ka 'mala le' ngoe.
• Moshe o ne o silafalitsoeng khalase - e entsoe ka likaroloana tse ka bang boholo tšoanang, tšoanang le litšoantšo. E ka 'na semelo kapa setšoantšo bokapele.
• Tse khabisitsoeng silafalitsoeng khalase - setshwantsho bōpiloe ka likotoana motho ya sebopeho khalase lakatsa le 'mala, hangata ntle ho eketsa leha e le efe.
• Fusing - khalase, eo ho hlophisoa e bokella, ba sintered le mong ho e mong boemong ba emoloa. Esita le ka mofuta ona kenyeletsa vpekanie itseng likarolo tsoang linaheng tse ling ka setšoantšo qetela.
• Priming silafalitsoeng - na le khalase a tlotsitsoeng le ea moeli setšoantšo emoloa. Mong le e mong dintlha ka botlalo e tletse pente e khethehileng kapa varnish.
• Megopolong qaphalletsoa - sete ya likhalase etsoa ka thekenoloji mananose le kokangana le 'ngoe le morero.
• Se kopantsoeng ka kulo silafalitsoeng khalase - o entsoeng ka mala khalase e tsitsitseng ka ho le foreimi e etella pele le ho o tiisa ka manonyeletso. Mokhoa oa khale ka ho fetisisa, e leng e ile ea fihla esita le ho tloha Mehleng e Bohareng.
• Tšobotsi qaphalletsoa - e bokane ho sebelisa khalase, le litšobotsi tse tse neng tlosoa. khetho e mong - ke ho sebelisa fatše le e bentšitsoeng khalase.
• Kopantswe silafalitsoeng khalase - sebopeho, ka nako kokotisaka mefuta e 'maloa ea khalase qaphalletsoa. Lewa lena thusa ho fihlella diphetho hlollang, ho etsa e tsoileng le kannete pele.

Tiffany qaphalletsoa Glass

Lewis Tiffany e ne e le mothehi oa setaele ea hae 'me mokhoa oa ho bōpa silafalitsoeng khalase, e ileng ea fetoha e ratoang tsohle lefatšeng ka bophara. O nako e telele haholo ho sebetsa ka tlhopho ya thepa, 'me botlhokwa go feta - ka litsela tsa ho lokisa khalase, ka mekhoa e tsa lona mehleng e bohareng ha ba loketseng. Ho ile ha etsahala'ng ka lebaka la mesebetsi ena, ho feletseng la ba koahela ka ho se kopantsoeng ka kulo silafalitsoeng khalase. Kahoo ke eng e fapaneng ka mokhoa ona ho ba bang 'me ke hobane'ng ha historing ea khalase lifensetere Tiffany qaphalletsoa li har'a maemo a holimo ka ho fetisisa, hlahlobisiseng.

Features Tiffany mokhoa:

1. Mmala. Khanya e nile ea e-criterion bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa Lyuisa Tiffani ha ho sebetsa le khalase qaphalletsoa. O ile a leka ho fihlella ka ho fetisisa khoneha esita le boleng le originality ka tshebediso ya mebala e. Ka linako tse ling mong'a mebala kopantsweng, 'me ka linako tse ling beha nngwe (kapa esita le tse' maloa) khalase ka holimo tsa tse ling.
2. Lintho tse bonahalang. Boleng - hore ke pontšo ea ya data e tlamang qaphalletsoa khalase. Pele a qala ho khalase qaphalletsoa kamehla fetile liteko ee tseneletseng, ba lokela ho be le se nang likoli efe kapa efe le botenya junifomo.
3. Baanelwa. mesebetsi e mong'a 'ona a ne e le e rarahaneng, e rarahaneng, bo tletse dintlha le mebala e le hore ba ba atisa ho bapisoa le ho penta.
4. Technology. Mabapi pakeng tsa khalase e hlahile ka megalana ea koporo. Kaha o ne a e kholoanyane ho feta khalase ka boeona, theipi e ile a phuthilweng fetang bohale, ka e hlaha ka lehlakoreng le ya likhato mashome a robong. likarolo qetile ke kokangana le sebelisoa ho patina thini.
5. The theko e phahameng. mosebetsi oo ke theko e boima haholo, 'me a ka feela ho fumana ho bokelleng poraefete, Brithani le American limusiamong le cathedrals.

Pejana ho lefu la hae, Lewis (1933), k'hamphani ea hae koaloa, empa ntse e le mokhoa Tiffany e nkoa e le e mong oa molemo ka ho fetisisa, 'me mosebetsi - e tsoileng matsoho ea bonono.