Enver Pasha: a biography

Ba hlaheletseng Turkish sesole le moeta-pele, Enver Pasha - e mong oa baeta-pele ba Young Turk phetohelo. E ne e le 'muelli ea chesehang ea mafolofolo oa Pan-Turkism le pan-Islamism, hammoho le ho ideologist tsa polaong ya molokwanarite Armenian qalong ea XX lekholong la lilemo la.

Enver Pasha: a biography

November 22, 1881 in Khao Lak ho mosebetsi ea lelapa seporo hlahetse Ismail Enver, Enver Pasha nakong e tlang. Sechaba sefe ntate Enver - Maturkey, 'me' mè oa hae - Gagauz kapa Sealbania. Enver e neng e le e moholo baneng ba bahlano, o ne a barab'abo rōna ba babeli le barali babo rōna ba babeli. Ho tloha bongoaneng, Enver o ne a tseba e ka ba lesole, kahoo ke ile ka ea ho ithuta ka sekolong sesole. Ho ea ka ba bang ba bona direkoto tsa histori, o ile a ithuta sa phethahala haholo, empa ka qeta akademi le ka 1903 le boemong ba ho ba motsamaisi, 'me lilemo tse tharo hamorao e ile kgothaletswa ho Major.

Enver o ile a romeloa ho ea sebeletsa Thessaloniki. Ho na le, o ile a ameha ka mafolofolo mesebetsing ea mokhatlo oa sesole e bitsoang "Homeland le Bolokolohi", eo o ile a kopana ka sephiring, mo tlase ga a kholoanyane le khotso feto-fetoha ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki "Union le Tsoelo-pele".

Bacha Maturkey le phetoho e khōlō pele

Mora tumellano pakeng tsa Nicholas II le Edward VII ka liphetoho tse hlokahalang Macedonia, o ile a saena ka 1908, Turkey ba ile ba qala boipelaetso ka matla, le hlohlellelitse ke menyenyetsi le likhopolong ka ho makala a 'Muso oa Ottoman. Movement "Bonngoe le Tsoelo-pele" e ne e le ho ba ipitsang ea Bacha Maturkey le ho tshwara boipelaetso le rallies sa sesole ho ba liha 'muso oa Ottoman. Enver e-ba mafolofolo ka setotsoana boipelaetso, 'me ka mor'a nakoana se, batho ba likete ba mo latela. Young, mafolofolo le enterprising, a bile e mong oa baeta-pele ba Young Turk phetohelo.

Ka 1908, sebokeng se ka Salonikah Enver Bey phatlalatsa ho tsosolosoa ha Turkish Motheo 'me a phatlalatsa July 10 letsatsi la bobeli la ho qaleha ha mehla ea molao oa motheo oa' Muso oa Ottoman. Mora phethola 'muso, o ile a qeta lilemo tse peli ka Turkish attaché Jeremane, moo a ileng a rorisa koetlisetsoa bosole tsa masole Jeremane le tšoaea ho qaleha ha tšebelisano sesole pakeng tsa Turkey le Jeremane.

Italo-Turkish Ntoa Afrika

Ka 1911, Italy e ile ea e Tlholisanong Turkish susumetsa Tripolitania, sebakeng sa Libya ea kajeno. Enver Bey setseng Berlin me a ea ho Libya hore a etelle pele lebotho Turkish. le moeta-pele e ne e khona ho qeta moholo rotloetsa le phutuho ena, se bokellang masole a fetang 20 tse sekete, empa o ile a tlameha ho siea Libya ka lebaka la bophahamo ba Balkan Ntoa. Ka lebaka leo, ho laola Tripolitania ile a ea Army Setaliana.

Results ea mofuta ona e ile ea etsa hore ho se ke a khotsofalla tsa Maturkey le destabilization ba mabotho a lipolotiki. "Bonngoe le Tsoelo-pele" ba qala ho felloa ke botumo le tšehetso, 'me ka 1912 ka dikgetho Palamente hlōla ke Soviet Liberal, tingoa matleng a ea Young Maturkey.

Balkan Ntoa le phahama ho matla

Ka October 1912, lebotho la Ottoman hlōloa ka mor'a ho hlōloa Linaheng Tsa Balkan, e leng ile sa etsa hore destabilization tsa 'muso o mocha. mantsoe ana ba sebelisitse Young Maturkey, 'me ka January 1913 entse phethola' muso o mong, heletsa le Liberal Union le theha ea bompoli ea pashas tse tharo. mofuta o mong oa triumvirate ne e ena le:

• Young Turk moeta-pele Talaat Pasha, e ne e vizier ka sehloohong kapa tona-khōlō, hammoho le Letona la tsa ka hare;
• Jemal Pasha, a tšoere ofising ea ka Sehloohong ea Navy;
• Enver Pasha, molaoli oa lebotho.

Nakong triumvirate ea molao nkoa ke Sultan Sultan Mehmed V, empa de Khao facto matla se ne se le matsoho a mararo pashas. Enver Pasha, le a biography ea Sultan tiisa hore, esita le nyala morali oa Prince Suleiman. Kahoo o ile a fetoha karolo ea lelapa la borena.

Ho kopanela Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše

Boleng ba Germanophile le motsoalle oa Jeremane, Enver Pasha, hoo e batlang ea se nang molekane-handedly hulela Turkey ka Pele World Ntoa, etsahalang ka nako e tšoanang, esita le khahlanong le maikutlo a metsoalle ea hae. Kantle ho tumello ea Khabinete ea Basebeletsi ba Turkey, o ile a fana ka tumello ho likepe tsa ntoa tse peli Jeremane ho kena Dardanelles le balehela ho tloha ka lebaka la mahloriso tsa likepe French. Ka mor'a moo, likepe tsena tse peli ba ile ba fuoa ho Turkish Navy, eo ho ne ho bolela qetello ke keng ea qojoa ea selekane le ho kenya letsoho ha Jeremane le Turkey ka ntoa.

Ho elella bofelong ba October, likepe tseo ba kena Leoatleng le Letšo le hlasela likoung Russia ka Odessa, Sevastopol le Feodosiya. Ka lebaka la tlhaselo eo, Russia o ile a re ntoa ka Turkey. Enver Pasha hlophisa rotloetsa le kakaretso, 'me o ile a khethoa Letona la Ntoa.

The polaong ya molokwanarite tsa Armenians le Bagerike

E le motšehetsi ea chesehang oa 'pan-Islamism, Enver Pasha harbored bora ikutloeleng Armenians le Bagerike phelang ka' Muso oa Ottoman le ba ipolelang Bokreste. Leha sena se ne se thibela Pasha ho amohela masole a Armenia ka lebotho la hae.

Nakong ea Pele ea Lefatše Ntoa ka Serussia Turkish pele boraro Turkish lebotho la tlas'a taelo ea Enver Pasha utloe bohloko ka ho hlōloa habohloko ka Ntoa ea Sarikamis. Ka mor'a moo, a khutlela motse-moholo, Enver Pasha, masole a Armenian qosoa ka bokoala le boikemisetso ba ho loana, 'me fanyehoa ba ikarabellang bakeng sa ho ea ntoeng lahlehile. hlōloa hore e ne e le lebaka la ho bolaea ba baahi Armenian.

Bolaoe, amohuoa maphelo a batho e ka bang halofo ea milione, bao har'a bona, ntle ho Armenians ne Bagerike le Basyria. Ho fihlela letsatsing lena, ho Armenians ea 'Muso oa Ottoman bitsoa bohato khahlanong-'moho le 1915 Grand tlōlo ea molao. The leqeba, tse bakileng Maturkey ho batho Armenian, e ne e le bo tebileng boo re ka 1919 kopanong ea commonwealthi Armenian Revolutionary ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho hlophisa tshebetso "Nemesis".

Enver Pasha: "Nemesis" le sefofane ho tloha Turkey

Nakong ea "Sebelisa Nemesis" batho ba 40 ba ne ba a khetha, ba nang le boikarabelo bakeng sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa le ho bolaoa ha polaong ya molokwanarite ena. Bakeng sa mong le e mong ho bolaea eketsehileng 'me ka hloko lokisitseng. Artists tshebetso amohuoa bophelo ba batho ba baemedi tse peli tsa triumvirate ho: Talaal Pasha le Cemal Pasha Leha ho le joalo, Enver Pasha o ile a bolaoa ke tsona, 'me ha pholoha tefetso, ba siea Turkey. O ile a qeta nako e itseng Moscow, o ile a sebetsa le 'muso Bolshevik le ile rera se a khutletse lapeng.

The Bolsheviks, le eena, a ke lekanang le a ho tšehetsa sehlopha sa Enver Pasha le Republican Batho Party Kemal. Hang Kemal ka katleho ea phethoa phetohelo lona, Enver Pasha e lahlehileng le tšehetso ea Bolsheviks. moeta-pele pele e neng e Turkish o ile a romeloa ho Bukhara ntoa e Basmach sisinyehang.

basmachi

Ikutloa persona bao e seng grata ka 'muso o mofubelu, Enver Pasha etsa qeto ea ho ba fetang ho Basmachi. From Turkestan, o ile a romela lengolo ho Moscow le tlhokahalo ea hore le tlohe lebotho la Bolsheviks, le ho netefatsa hore e ikemetse ea sebakeng seo.

Ka charisma, sebete le tsebo ea sebakeng se sephiring sa Ea Red Army tikolohong eo, Enver Pasha ema ka potlako ka pele har'a Basmachi le khanna tshebetso maloa atlehileng. Leha ho le joalo, takatso ea hae e mabifi ho nka matla 'ohle a' me e be moeta-pele Basmachis sa mo lumella ho ntshetsa pele likamano le baeta-pele ba bang. Ba ho pheta-pheta ba ile ba hana Enver Pasha ka thuso le mabotho, Ibrahim Bey, a hana ho amohela le phahametse la Pasha e, hang esita hlasela lebotho la hae, a etsa hore tshenyo irreparable. Enver Pasha ile ba bolaoa kapa ba lemetseng, empa ne ke sa tsoela pele mosebetsi oa eona.

Moeta-pele pele e neng e ile a tlameha ho balehela Baldzhuan, moo a ntse a ipatile ka lebotho tse nyenyane sebakeng se haufi le motse oo. Mathoasong a August, o bonwe theosa le Bolsheviks, 'me o ile a romela detachment tsa KGB le sepheo hapa kapa mo bolaea. La 4 August, 1922 nakong ntoa e nang le detachment tsa Bolsheviks o ile a thunngoa Enver Pasha. Moeta-pele oa ho bolaea Basmachi tiisa George Agabeyov, tseba hore 'mele headless.