E motona chromosomes. Ka Y-chromosome e tsamaelanang le o ikarabella ho eng?

Ka taba ea ho etsa lipatlisiso liphatsa tsa lefutso - the liketsahalo tsa lefutso le phetoho. American Scientist T-X. Morgan o ile a bōpa chromosome khopolo ea lefutso, ho paka hore e mong le e mefuta e ka khetholla karyotypes itseng hore e na le mefuta eno ya chromosomes ka somatic le kokoana-hloko. Recent emeloang para arohaneng fapana ka ba batona le ba batšehali. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba kamoo mohaho o chromosomes motona le e motšehali 'me tsela eo ba fapanang bona.

Ke seo karyotype?

E mong le e nang le li-cell konokono e tšoauoa ka e itseng eo di ea chromosomes. Ho e bitsoa karyotype. Ka mefuta e fapaneng ho ba teng ha diyuniti mehaho ea lefutso e tieo itseng, mohlala, karyotype batho ba chromosomes 46 lichimpanzi - 48 crayfish - 112. sebopeho bona, boholo, bōpa e fapaneng ho batho ho ba setho sa taxa fapaneng taxonomic. palo ea chromosomes ka seleng ea 'mele se bitsoa diploid phase. Ho ke tloaelehileng bakeng sa makala a somatic le lisele. Haeba ka lebaka la liphetoho tse bang teng karyotype liphetoho (mohlala, ho bakuli ba Klinefelter Syndrome nomoro ya chromosomes 47, 48), batho bana ba fokotsehile kemolo le ka maemong a mangata sa beheng litholoana. lefa lefu tse ling tse amanang le chromosomes ho kopanela liphate - Turner lefu-Shereshevscky. E hlaha ho basali ba nang le e sa ka karyotype 46, 'me 45 chromosomes. Sena se bolela hore ka banyalani ba bang ba ho kopanela liphate ha a eo ba babeli X chromosomes, empa le 'ngoe feela. Phenotypically bonahatsa ka ntshetsopele e fokolang ea gonads e, hampe hlalosoa mahareng litšobotsi tse thobalano le ho kgaolela basadi thari.

Somatic le ho kopanela liphate chromosomes

Ba fapana bobeli foromo le sete ya liphatsa tsa lefutso ka hare ho bona. Batho motona chromosomes le mammalian akarelletsa heterogametic para ho kopanela liphate XY, ho fana ka tsoelo-pele ea bobeli le litšobotsi tse e motona ho kopanela liphate mathomo le se mahareng. Ka ba batona, para thobalano linonyana kenyelletsa ditokiseletso pedi chromosomes tšoanang ZZ motona bitsoa homogametic. Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho chromosomes hore fumana hore na ho kopanela liphate ea phelang, lefa sebopeho karyotype tse tšoanang bobeli ka e motona le e motšehali. Ba bitsoa autosomes. Ka karyotype batho ba lipara 22. E motona le e motšehali chromosomes ho kopanela liphate bopa 23 para ya, kahoo karyotype ea ho motho ea ka ho hlahisoa e le ho moralo o balletsweng akaretsang: lipara tse 22 tsa autosomes + XY, 'me basali - lipara tse 22 tsa autosomes + XX.

meiosis

Sebopeho sa lisele tse kokoana-hloko - diretswe go dira gametes, e leng e thehoa ka confluence ea zygote sa le hlaha ka gonads: testes le mae a bomme. lisele tsena entse meiosis - tshebetso ya karohano seleng, ho fellang ka ho thehoa ha diretswe go dira gametes nang haploid sete ya chromosomes. Oogenesis popelo oocyte nonofo ya mmele isang mefuta e 'ngoe feela: X + 22 autosomes le nonofo ya mmele ea spermatogenesis gomet fana mefuta e' meli ea 22 autosomes le X + 22 autosomes + Y. Ka batho ho kopanela liphate le ngoana o ikemiselitse ka nako ea logan ea peō ea botona le lehe nuclei le itšetlehile ho tswa ho karyotype peō ea botona.

Chromosome le mochine oa boikemisetso ba ho kopanela liphate

Re se re nahana ka ntlha eo ho na le ho kopanela liphate boikemisetso ba batho - ka nako ea peō, 'me e itšetlehile ka chromosomes ea peō ea botona e. Ka liphoofolo tse ling le sexes fapana ka palo ea chromosomes. Mohlala, liboko metsing, likokoanyana, marutle ka ba batona diploid phase, ho na le chromosome le 'ngoe feela ea para ea ho kopanela liphate, ha ba batšehali - ka bobeli. Kahoo, metsing sebōkō haploid sete ya chromosomes motona atsirokantusa ka bontšoa ka mekhoa e: 0 + 5 chromosomes kapa chromosome 5 + x e, 'me tse tšehali li ka mahe, le' ngoe feela sete ya chromosomes 5 + sa x.

ama seo dimorphism ho kopanela liphate?

Ho phaella ho chromosomal ho na le litsela tse ling tsa ho beha ho kopanela liphate. Ba bang ba invertebrates - rotifers, polychaetes - ho kopanela liphate o ikemiselitse pele tshwaragano tsa diretswe go dira gametes - manyolo, eo ho eona le e motona le chromosomes motšehali theha para homologous. Tšehali metsing polychaete - dinofilyusa nakong oogenesis ho theha mefuta e 'meli ea lehe. Pele - ba banyenyane, ba futsanehileng yolk - ke ba batona hlahisa. Batho ba bang - e kholo, ka phepelo e ngata ea limatlafatsi - di sebediswa bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya tse tšehali. Ka mahe a linotši a linotši - palo ea likokoanyana Hymenoptera - tšehali hlahisa mefuta e 'meli ea mahe a: diploid phase le haploid. From mahe unfertilized hlahisa ka ba batona - ka drones le kopana - tse tšehali tse mosebeletsi linotši.

Hormone le phello ea bona ka sebōpeho sa bong

Ka batho, e motona litsoelesa - testes - hlahisa ho kopanela liphate-hormone testosterone letoto lena. Ba ama bobeli ntshetsopeleng ya litšobotsi tse ho kopanela liphate e ka sehloohong (sebopeho anatomical tsa litho tse ka hare le kantle genital), 'me ka physiology ho khetheha. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea testosterone di thehoa mahareng litšobotsi tse thobalano - sebōpeho sa masapo, haholo-holo le litšoantšo tsa, moriri 'mele,' mele lentsoe, sebōpeho sa larynx ena. 'mele oa mosali eo mae a bomme ho hlahisa e seng feela lisele ho ikatisa, empa hape li-hormone, e le maro tšoelesa tsoakileng. Sex-hormone tse kang estradiol, progesterone, estrogen bananeng, kenya letsoho hore ho ho hōla ha feditsweng Link le ka hare, 'mele le moriri kabo ea mofuta e motšehali, laola phallo ea potoloho ea matsatsing le ho ima. Ba bang ba vertebrates, tlhapi, annelids le sehahabi biologically dintho a sebetsang a hlahisoang ke gonads e, ka matla le tšusumetso khōlong ea litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong le se mahareng ho kopanela liphate le mefuta e meng ea chromosomes tabeng ena le se ke la ba le tshusumetso haholo ka sebopeho sa banna le basali. Ka mohlala, larvae ea polychaete leoatleng - Bonelli - tlas'a tšusumetso ea li-hormone e motšehali khaotsa ho hōla (boholo 1-3 limilimithara) ke dwarf ba batona. Ba phela pampitšana genital ba batšehali ba nang le 'mele o bolelele ba ho fihlela ho 1 mitha. Ka fish-cleaners na harems tona ea ba batšehali 'maloa. Tšehali, haese mae a bomme ka, ke qaleho ea testes ena. Hang ha ho e motona a e-shoa, e 'ngoe ea ho li holile ba batšehali o holim'a mosebetsi lona (' meleng oa hae a qala ho ka mafolofolo ntshetsa pele gonads motona tse hlahisang ho kopanela liphate-hormone).

molao oa tsamaiso ho kopanela liphate

Ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botho, e etsoang ke melao e 'meli: ea pele e hlalosa kamano ea gonads rudimentary tswa secretion ea testosterone le MIS hormona. Puso ea bobeli e bontsha bohlokoa karolo e bapaloang ke Y-chromosome. E motona ho kopanela liphate le matšoao a eona kaofela e lekanang anatomical le fisioloji hlahisa tlas'a tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso teng ka Y-chromosome. Interrelationship le ho itšetleha la melao bobeli la liphatsa tsa lefutso batho o bitsoa Molao-motheo ea ho hōla: ka embryo, e leng le dikamano (o na le rudiments ea litsoelesa motšehali - Mullerian difapho le gonads motona - Wolffian difapho) khethollo ea ba gonad embryonic itšetlehile ka ho ba teng kapa ho ba sieo ha ka karyotype Y chromosome.

lesedi liphatsa tsa lefutso ka Y-chromosome

Lithuto tsa geneticists, haholo-holo T-X. Morgan, ho ile ha fumanoa hore ka batho le liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho sebopeho phatsa ea lefutso ea X le Y chromosomes ha ho tšoane. E motona chromosomes ka batho ba na le ba bang ba alleles joale ka X chromosome. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho letamo bona phatsa ea lefutso e emetsweng SRY phatsa ea lefutso laola spermatogenesis, e leng hore ho thehoe oa bong e motona. mafu a lefa la phatsa ea lefutso sena embryo e isang ntshetsopele ya lefu ka liphatsa tsa lefutso - Suayra lefu. Ka lebaka leo, le e motšehali ho ntshetsa pele ho tswa ho e joalo e embryo na XY karyotype para thobalano kapa feela karolo e itseng ea Y-chromosome tse nang le locus phatsa ea lefutso. Ho activates ntshetsopele ya gonads ena. Bakuli ba basali ha ba le farologantswng la mahareng litšobotsi tse ho kopanela liphate, 'me ba infertile.

Y-chromosome le mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, ho chromosome e motona e fapaneng ho tloha X-chromosome e le boholo (ho ke ke e nyenyane) le sebopeho sa (a mofuta hakising). Le bakeng sa hae, 'me o re behetse itseng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka mohlala, phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa e mong oa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho chromosome li phenotypically bonahalitseng ponahalo ea mahoashe moriri sosobaneng ka earlobe ena. Tsobotsi ena ke tšobotsi feela banna. Eo tsejoa lefu lefa bakoa ke chromosomal phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso joaloka lefu Klinefelter. Monna kulang ke ka karyotype eketsehileng motšehali kapa chromosomes motona: XXY kapa HHUU. Ka sehloohong tekotshupo tšobotsi e kgolo pathological tsa litsoelesa mammary, osteoporosis, ho kgaolela basadi thari. Lefu lena le tloaelehileng haholo: leng le le leng bashanyana ba 500 tsoa tsoaloa 1 mamello.

Ho akaretsa, re ela hloko hore batho e ka liphoofolo tse anyesang tse ling, batho ba bong bo sa phelang ikemiselitse ka motsotsoana ea peō, ka lebaka la ho kopana le tse ling tsa zygote X le Y ho kopanela liphate chromosomes.