Dienjini tsa nyutlelie bakeng sa ho spaceships

Russia e bile le sa ntse e le moeta-pele lefapheng la sebaka matla a nyutlelie. Experience ka moralo, kaho, roma 'me tšebetso ea rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng hlomelloa le mehloli e matla a nyutlelie tse mekhatlo e kang RSC "Energy" le "Roskosmos". enjene ea nyutlelie lumella ho sebetsa lifofane ka lilemo tse ngata, ba etsa hore ba tshwanelega le molemo ka makhetlo-khetlo.

Tlaleho ea histori e

Tshebediso ya eneji, le libetsa tsa nyutlelie ka sebaka ha e sa le e iqapetsoeng ea ho tse 70 ogy ea tse lekholo tse fetileng. The dienjini tsa nyutlelie pele ka 1970-1988 ne a qala ka sebaka le ka katleho a sebelisa ho sebaka likoloi (sr) hlokometse'ng tsa "US-A". Di etsa kōpo ea ho tsamaiso ea thermoelectric tsa matla a nyutlelie dimela (NPP) "Buck" motlakase matla a 3 KW.

Ka 1987-1988 pedi disebediswsa "Lero la mali-e" le thermionic NPP "topaze" 5 KW e bile sefofane-liteko sebaka, e leng nakong eo matla a motlakase ophthalmogyric (ERE) ho tswa ho ea nyutlelie matla mohloding ile pele kenngwa tshebetsong.

A rarahaneng ea tsa lefatše matla a nyutlelie liteko thermionic tlhomamiso ea nyutlelie "Yenisei" matla a 5 KW. E Thehiloe ho theknoloji e tsena ntshetswa diporojeke tse di thermionic tsa nyutlelie matla bokgoni ba 25-100 KW.

MB "Hercules"

RSC "Energy" ka 70 li ile tsa qala ho tsa saense le e sebetsang banyakisisi, morero oa seo ka sona e ne e ho bopa e matla a nyutlelie sebaka enjene bakeng interorbital Tug (MB) "Hercules". Mosebetsi se ile sa etsa hore motheo ka lilemo tse ngata tsa ntoa ea nyutlelie ophthalmogyric motlakase (YAERDU) le thermionic tsa nyutlelie matla bokgoni ba tse seng kae - tse makholo kilowatts le motlakase ophthalmogyric unit trust bokgoni ba mashome tse makholo tsa kilowatts.

Design entsprechen MB "Hercules":

• e molemo matla a motlakase oa matla a nyutlelie - 550 KW;
• itseng tšusumetso e tsoang ho motlakase ophthalmogyric - 30 km SE / s;
• Motlakase ophthalmogyric qheletseng - 26 H;
• Resource NPP le motlakase ophthalmogyric - lihora tse 16.000;
• ho sebetsa mele oa motlakase ophthalmogyric - xenon;
• boima ba 'mele (omileng) Tug - 14,5-15,7 sa t, ho akarelletsa le Nei - boima ba lithane tse 6,9.

Contemporary

Lilemong tsa bo-XXI e le nako ea ho theha le lecha enjene ea nyutlelie bakeng sa sebaka. Ka October 2009, ka ea libokeng tsa Komisi e ntjha Russia porojeke e ne "Creation tsa lipalangoang le mmojule eneji, le nang le megawatt-sehlopha sa tlhomamiso ya matla ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie" le 'nile ka molao amoheloang ke Lekhotla la mopresidente bakeng sa Modernization le theknoloji Khōlo e Krrish Russia. ke ke jwa isang:

• Melena dimela - JSC "NIKIET".
• Ea nyutlelie matla dimela le ea potoloho khase turbine matla ho sokoloha, e thehiloeng Motors motlakase ophthalmogyric le ionic electrorocket YAERDU ka kakaretso - SSC "Research Center. M. V. Keldysha ", eo ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa lenaneo la tsoelo-pele ea ho tsamaisa le matla mojulung ona (kepo) ka kakaretso hape.
• RSC "Energy" ka kakaretso kepo moqapi lokela ho hlaolela le mochine jarolla ka ho iketsa ka mojulung ona ena.

Litšobotsi tsa ho hlongoa e ncha

New tsa nyutlelie enjene bakeng sa sebaka Russia rerile ho qala tshebetso khoebo ka lilemo tse seng kae tse latelang. Thulametse litšobotsi tse sa khase turbine YAERDU latelang. The melena sebediswa khase-folisoa itima lijo breeder melena, mocheso ea mokelikeli ho sebetsa (a motsoako oa O / xe tai mo phong) pele turbine - 1500 K, e ka bokgoni ba ho fetola eneji, le mogote ka eneji, le motlakase - 35%, radiator ka metsi-mofuta batang - a rothele. Unit Weight (melena, tšireletso ea mahlaseli a kotsi, le tsamaiso ea ho sokoloha, empa ntle le refrigeration emitter) - 6800 lik'hilograma.

Space dienjini tsa nyutlelie (matla a nyutlelie, matla a nyutlelie, 'moho le EPS) leano la ho sebelisa:

• E le karolo ea likoloi e tlang sebaka.
• E le mehloli ea motlakase bakeng sa tsamaiso ea eneji ee-e matla le ho rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng.
• Ho rarolla pele mathata a mabeli a ka tsamaisa le matla mojulung ona ho tiisa hore phumantsho ya spaceships boima electrorocket le likoloi ka orbit sebetsa le ka ho eketsehileng ka nako e telele ya eneji, phepelo ea thepa ena.

Molao-motheo oa tšebetso ea enjene ea nyutlelie

Thehiloeng ka ho tswakana ea nuclei kapa tabeng ea ho sebelisa matla a fission ea mafura a nyutlelie ho theha e jete qheletseng. Khetholla mefuta tlhomamiso pulse length-phatloha le mokelikeli. Pululo dimela ntša sepakapakeng nyenyane libomo tsa athomo tse detonating le limithara tse seng kae ho tloha moo, ho phatloha hoo pushed sekepe pele. Ka mokhoa ona, le disebediswa tse joalo ha li sebelisoa.

Mokelikeli ophthalmogyric dienjini, ka lehlakoreng le leng, o nako e telele e ntshetswa pele le lekoa. Morao koana ka 60s ea, ditsebi Union ba qapile e ue boloke ea mohlala RD-0410. tsamaiso ea bana ba ne ba ntshetswa pele United States. Molao-motheo oa bona o thehiloe futhumatsang ea mokelikeli tsa nyutlelie mini-melena, e fetoloa mouoane ebe e bopa sefofane sa jete le molapo, e sutumetsa ho rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng. Leha sesebediswa e bitsoa mokelikeli ka mokelikeli ho sebetsa, ka tloaelo ho hydrogen e sebediswa. E mong ka morero oa tsamaiso ea tsa nyutlelie sebaka - tsamaisoa motlakase karate marangrang (thepa) likepe le satellitari.

Boima tlhaeletsanong disebediswsa lefatše sebaka tlhaeletsao

Ka nako eo, mosebetsi oa ho mo tseleng ka dienjini tsa nyutlelie bakeng sa sebaka tse tla sebelisoa ea puisano sebaka sethusathuto boima. RSC "Energia" ba 'nile ba etsoa ka lithuto le merero ea tsamaiso ea lefatše sebaka puisano ke tlhōlisano moruong le fono theko lisele hore o ne a lokela ho fihlela ho fetiswa ha "phapanyetsano mohala" ho tswa ho Earth sepakapakeng.

The batlehang bakeng sa pōpo ea bona ke ena:

• hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng rarollela tsa geostationary orbit (Geo) satellitari bueloang le etseng letho;
• mokhathala oa mohlodi maqhubu;
• boiphihlelo ntle tsa pōpo le ho hanyapetsoa khoebo oa boitsebiso geostationary satellitari "Yamal".

Ha o bopa "Yamal" sethaleng, ncha ditharollo botekgeniki ba 'nile ba 95%, eo e ileng ea nolofalletsa disebedisweng tse joalo ho ba hlodisanang mabapi le' maraka oa lefatše oa litšebeletso sebaka.

E nahana Phetolo ya dimojule le thepa le puisano e theknoloji hoo e ka bang mong le e mong lilemo tse supileng. E ne e tla bopa ka tsamaiso ya selotlolo 3-4 satellitari boima ka orbit geostationary le ho eketseha ha le matla a motlakase chesa ka tsona. Qalong, rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng sa ebe li entsoe ka lebaka la ho matla a letsatsi matla 30-80 KW. Mohato o latelang e tla sebedisa dienjini tsa nyutlelie 400 KW ka selemo ho fihlela ho e mong ka ho tsamaisa mokgwa wa (bakeng sa phumantsho ya mojulung ona motheo GSO) le 150-180 KW ka mokgwa wa e telele tshebetso (bonyane 10-15 lilemo tse) ka Mohloli o matla.

dienjini ea nyutlelie ka antimeteoritnoy sireletsa System Earth

Ho tlatswa RKK "Energy" ka moralo ho etsa lipatlisiso ka morao 90 e bontšitse hore ho ne ho bōptjoa antimeteoritnoy oona tsamaisong Earth tshireletso tswa nuclei ba comets le asteroids matla a nyutlelie semela le YAERDU ka sebelisoa ho:

1. Theha tsamaiso bakeng sa tlhokomelo ya trajectories tsa asteroids le comets hore tšela orbit Lefatše. Bakeng sa e sisintsweng ho lokisetsa rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng khethehileng a hlomelloa le Optical le radar thepa bakeng sa e batlang beha dintho kotsi, bala le ditekanyetso tsa trajectories bona le ho ithuta e ka sehloohong ea litšobotsi tse bona. Tsamaiso ea nyutlelie sebaka enjene le o kopanetsoe-mokgwa wa thermionic NPI bokgoni ba 150 KW ka ameha. bophelo ba hae e lokela ho ba bonyane lilemo tse 10.
2. Liteko tsa tshusumetso (nyutlelie phatloha sesebediswa) ho book asteroid sireletsehileng. YAERDU matla pelehi tsa teko sethusathuto ho e asteroid-khutlontsi itšetlehile ka le boima ba ea payload nehelanoa (150-500 KW).
3. Shop ea tekanyetso kgahlamelo ya maqhubu a ho bolela (interceptor palo yohle boima ba lithane tse 15-50) bakeng sa atamela ho kotsi Sepheo lefatshe. Hloka libetsa tsa nyutlelie jete enjene bokgoni ba 1-10 MW bakeng sa pepa ho kotsi asteroid qoso nyutlelie, holim 'a tseo e ileng ea phatloha ka lebaka la ho jete asteroid tse bonahalang khona ho lahla se tseleng e kotsi.

Shop ea thepa lipatlisiso sebaka tebileng

Shop ea thepa ea saense ho beha dintho sebaka (lipolanete hōle, nako le nako comets, asteroids) ka ho phethahatsoa le ho sebelisa ha mekhahlelo sebaka thehiloeng LRE. Sebelisa dienjini tsa nyutlelie bakeng sa likoloi sebaka ke expedient, ha behoa mosebetsi khumo ho orbit e le 'mele ea leholimo ea sathelaete ho ikopanye le e tobileng le e le' mele ea leholimo, tlhopho ya disampole tse bonahalang le ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling tse hlokang boima keketseho ea ho etsa lipatlisiso e rarahaneng, kenyelletsoa ha lintlha tsa lulisa le mekhahlelo e nka-theoha.

entsprechen dienjini

Ea nyutlelie enjene ho rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng ho etsa lipatlisiso e rarahaneng e tla atolosa "fensetere simolleng" (ka lebaka la ho tebelwa laoloa tsa lebelo sebetsa ea 'mele), eo simplifies thero le ho fokotsa litsenyehelo tsa ho ba morerong ona. Lithuto tsa etsoa ke RSC "Energia", o ile a bontša hore YAERDU 150 KW le lilemo tse ho fihlela ho a mararo ke mokhoa hlamatsehang ea ho isa dimojule ka sebaka asteroid lebanta.

Ka nako e tšoanang ba fana ka puo ea unit trust ho etsa lipatlisiso ka orbit lipolanete hōle-hōle ea tsamaiso ea letsatsi hloka ho eketseha ha matlotlo le tsa nyutlelie tlhomamiso ho fihlela ho lilemo tse 5-7. E paka hore YAERDU rarahaneng le bokgoni ba about 1 MW e le karolo ea ho etsa lipatlisiso e le tla ho dumella ho rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng potlakisa pelehi bakeng sa lilemo tse 5-7 ho orbit e sathelaete maiketsetso fetisisa lipolanete hōle, rovers lipolanete ka holim 'a satellitari ea tlhaho ea lipolanete tsena, le pelehi ka lebaka Earth le comets, asteroids, Mercury le le satellitari ea Jupiter le Saturn.

Reusable mphahamisetsa (MB)

Ngoe ea litsela tse bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho ntlafatsa ka bokgoni ba ho etsa liopereishene ho tsamaisa ka sebaka ke likarolo reusable ba tsamaiso ea lipalangoang. Ea nyutlelie enjene ho rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng matla a bonyane 500 KW lumella u ho bopa reusable thapo 'me kahoo haholo ntlafatsa ka bokgoni ba ho selotlolo le litekanyetso tsamaiso e khopo sebaka lipalangoang. tsa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa tsamaiso ea joalo ka lenaneo la ho fana ka e kholo ea selemo le selemo thepa sephethephethe. mohlala e ne e tla ba lenaneo la morolo baloang ka khoeli e le pōpo le boloka e le setsi tsamaea le mothusi kamehla eketseha le liteko theknoloji le indasteri mehahong.

manolotsoeng ea madi aa

Ho ea ka moralo lithuto RSC "Energia", kaho ea botlaaseng ka khoeli e lokela ho tla nehelanoa dimojule bekha ka bang 10 tsa boima ba lithane, ho orbit tsa Moon -. 30 limithara Kakaretso thepa ho tswa Earth ka kaho ea e tsamaea le mothusi baloang ka khoeli e le setsi le etetse ho fifala ha khoeli orbital seteishene e hakanyetsoa ho tonnes 700-800 le ea selemo le selemo thepa sephethephethe bakeng sa tshebetso le ntshetsopele ya botlaaseng - 400-500 m.

Leha ho le joalo, molao-motheo oa enjene ea nyutlelie ha a lumelle ho freighter ho ba qhalakanyetsa ho ka potlako. Ka lebaka la ho nako e telele tsa lipalangoang me ka hona, nako e telele ho fumana payload mabanta mahlaseli hase bohle ba tsamaisang thepa ka nehelanoa sebelisa tugboats le enjene ea nyutlelie. Ka lebaka leo, thepa e ka ba teng e thehiloeng YAERDU hakanngoa lithane tse 100-300 feela / selemo.

bokgoni a moruo

Ka criterion ya bokgoni a moruo hara-orbit oona tsamaisong lipalangoang ke bohlale ho sebelisa bohlokoa ba unit trust litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaisa ka unit trust boima ba payload (GHG) mesi e kotsi ho tloha holim 'a lefatše ka shebiloeng orbit. RSC "Energia" moruo le thuto ea lipalo ea mohlala, eo o nahanela dikarolo tsa sehlooho tsa litšenyehelo tsamaisong lipalangoang e se e ntshetswa pele:

• ho ne ho bōptjoa le ho felisoa ha diyuniti orbit Tug;
• bakeng sa theko ea ho sebetsa e le setsing tsa nyutlelie;
• ditjeo sebetsa, hammoho le bakeng sa R & D le khoneha ditjeo ditshenyehelo-moholo.

entsprechen theko itšetlehile ka entsprechen dithekenoloji tsa MB. Sebedisa ea mohlala ena e ile fuputswa bokgoni bapisang moruo reusable Tug thehiloeng YAERDU matla a ka 1 MW le Tug lahloang motheong oa e tsoetseng pele mokelikeli enjene Lata ka lenaneo la ho etsa bonnete ba pelehi ho Earth Moon orbit bophahamong ba 100 km SE payload palo yohle boima ba tonnes 100 / selemo. Ha ba sebelisa booster e tšoanang jereng bokgoni lekanang mosebetsi "le proton e-M" le dvuhpuskovoy kaho oa potoloho ea tsamaiso ea lipalangoang e itseng ditjeo thomello ka unit trust boima ba payload ho sebelisa Tug motheong oa enjene ea nyutlelie e tla ba le linako tse tharo ka tlaase ho feta ha ba sebelisa lahloang e thehiloeng tugboats le dienjini mokelikeli Lata tsa mofuta o limilimithara-3.

bofello

E atlehang ophthalmogyric tsa nyutlelie bakeng sa sebaka se thusa ho tharollo ea mathata a tikoloho ea lefatše, Sefofane sa monna ho Mars, ho bōpa e tsamaiso ea phetiso wireless ea matla a sebaka, ho sebediswa ha tšireletseho-ntlafatsoa lepato ka sebaka kotsi haholo litšila ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi fatše matla a nyutlelie, ho ne ho bōptjoa ka tsamaea le mothusi baloang ka khoeli e le setsi le ntshetsopeleng ya kgwebo ya Moon, ho netefatsa sireletsa Earth tswa kotsi asteroid le comet.